Kapustnitsa

Russian peasants had a concept toloka (the art historian and museum curator (1879–1956) called this custom podmoga (), "helping"). Toloka was helping fellow villagers with work they could not do on their own. Such help was common in harvesting and haymaking, as well as in preparing vegetables for winter. The toloka also served as a means of entertainment for young peasants. The tolokas which peasant girls took part in were kapustki (or kapustnitsa) and supryadki (yarn spinning). Kapustnitsa — helping to prepare cabbage for winter— was organized not only in the countryside, but also in small provincial towns. It was organized every year on the occasion of the Feast of the Cross (September 14 [27]). The work usually lasted more than two weeks and was finished only on (October 1 [14]), when the marriage season usually began in the village. Usually 10 to 15 girls were invited (this number depended on the harvest and, accordingly, the expected amount of work) to be given away. After finishing work in one house, the girls would often move to another. They dressed smartly for work, expecting to attract the attention of their peers, and brought cleavers for cutting cabbage. When the workers arrived, the owners would set up a separate table for snacks. The boys would come without invitations, usually bringing sweets. They not only watched the girls work, but also helped them: they closed the barrels filled with cabbage and took them to the cellar. They were also responsible for entertaining the girls with jokes and compliments. In the evenings, after work, people used to organize circle dances, traditionally called khorovod. == Image on the canvas ==

The subject of the painting was an episode from the life of a Russian village. The whole village gathers to salt cabbage for the winter. The painting combines the festive joy and the gloom of monotonous physical labor, health and misery, beauty and ugliness. The events of the painting take place in a peasant's yard. The peasants are already dressed quite warmly. Above the wooden houses there is a narrow strip of bright and clear sky. Neighbors have gathered to shred cabbage in the traditional way. A woman and a boy are cutting stalks from the cabbage. Behind the boy's back is a tall wooden trough for chopping cabbage. The hosts have already begun to treat the workers. The artist arranged the figures in a semicircle, "the clearest expression of the unity of the action". Peasant women peel and chop cabbage, a girl passes around a carafe of vodka, children take advantage of the commotion to eat stalks, men and teenagers are "tied to a trough of chopped cabbage, which a little boy pulls at with all his might". The painting is filled with noise, laughter, and conversation. The faces of the figures are grotesque, sometimes distorted to the point of ugliness, deliberately emphasized by the artist. Galina Tuluzakova noted, however, that Fechin's grotesqueness does not look like caricature, but affirms the unity of the beautiful and the ugly. There are also humorous details in the painting. For example, the trough of cabbage stands on a box labeled "Kazan," and the viewer can only see the colorful skirt of the bent peasant woman on the left edge of the canvas, so they will not immediately understand what is depicted in this fragment. The baby's face next to the basin makes the public smile. Peter Dulsky emphasized two main plans on the canvas: in the foreground on the left, a well-fed peasant woman stands with a cabbage and a knife. Cabbage is scattered on the ground in front of her. Dulsky noticed that the type of woman in the picture is repeated in the images of several figures, and suggested that Fechin may have used the same model for several female figures. Behind the first plan, with a shift to the center of the canvas, is a scene of refreshment — a girl with a tray containing shot glasses of vodka is offering a drink to the workers and their assistants. == History of painting's creation ==

Nicolai Fechin in 1909 The painting was created by the artist in 1909 as a final work in his fifth year of study at the Higher Art School of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Galina Tuluzakova wrote that Nicolai Fechin finally formed as an artist at the Academy after Ilya Repin left in 1907 (Fechin had been his student since 1902). From Repin, he took an interest in genre painting and psychological portraiture, brushstrokes, and got close to Impressionism. From the Academy and Repin he learned the moral principles that would guide his work for many years: sympathy for ordinary people, humanism, and a belief in the transformative power of art. Another source of Fechin's inspiration at that time was the artistic atmosphere of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century: the paintings of the artists of Mir iskusstva, Union of Russian Artists and the first experiments of the future avant-garde artists also influenced the formation of the world view of the author of Kapustnitsa. The artist Nikita Sverchkov —Fechin's student at the Kazan Art School in 1909— described him as a slender young man with blond hair who walked with a light and quick gait. Fechin wore a kosovorotka shirt and jacket without a tie (or a blouse with patch pockets) and dark trousers. Sverchkov noted Fechin's proud look, energy, and will. He looked like a simple worker, but in his eyes "the fire of creative inspiration burned". A contemporary claimed that Fechin was not handsome (he was even called "walnut cake" for his earthy complexion), but his charming smile made people like him. Preparing ''Kapustnitsa's'' creation Art and local historian Peter Dulsky wrote that Nicolai Fechin had the idea of painting Kapustnitsa in 1907. The creation of the painting was preceded by a long period of work by the artist, collecting materials from the field, determining the color and composition. It is believed that the artist collected materials in Pushkarka near Arzamas in preparation for the future final work. There is also a known pastel sketch (1909, paper, pastel, 64 × 43 cm, Samara Regional Art Museum, Zh-902, the sketch came in 1956 from the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR) and three or four gouache sketches (State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan) The Russian Soviet "peasant poet" and artist, the last chairman of the Peredvizhniki Society and the first chairman of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia —Pavel Radimov— recalled that in the early years of his acquaintance with Nicolai Fechin, the latter showed him a set of sketches of twelve of his works. Among them were sketches for Kapustnitsa. Radimov wrote that the artist later created his canvases on the basis of these sketches. In 2017, after the restoration at the All-Russian Center of Art Research and Restoration named of I. E. Grabar, the sketches for Kapustnitsa were presented at a temporary exhibition of this institution, along with other works by Nicolai Fechin. At the exhibition of 2006-2007 they were presented even before the beginning of the restoration. Galina Tuluzakova considered the two preparatory charcoal drawings for Kapustnitsa, depicting peasant women, as finished graphic works. One of them is an image of a woman holding a plate in her hands. It is drawn with several lines along the contours of the figure, the hands and the handkerchief. The figure, however, creates the illusion of volume. The lines reveal the construction of the body, detailing the requirements of anatomy. The drawing is laconic, but the gradations of the lines are varied. Some are bold and black, while others are thin and barely visible. The lines obey a restless rhythm, and the white space of the paper creates the illusion of an airy environment. Work on painting The artist and teacher wrote in his memoirs that Nicolai Fechin arrived in Kazan from St. Petersburg in the fall of 1908, when he was transferred to the nature class. He had been appointed by the Imperial Academy of Arts to teach painting and drawing at the Kazan Art School. Dmitri Seryakov specified that Fechin took only a temporary teaching position, but with a full salary, and was given a studio in the new building of the school. He was also given full freedom to work with students. The artist himself, according to Seryakov, assessed such conditions of stay in Kazan as acceptable for creativity in general and for the completion of competitive academic work, which he was working on at that time. At the Kazan Art School, Fechin anticipated completing his final work, which he was not permitted to paint as a free student in academic workshops. The artist German Melentiev wrote in his memoirs that when Fechin placed his unfinished work in one of the halls of the art school, all approaches to it were blocked. Curious students peered through the keyhole to see Fechin at work. One of the school employees, feeling sorry for the students, began to open the hall for them when Nicolai Fechin was absent. The students, fearing the artist's return, only had brief glimpses of the unfinished canvas, struggled to understand the subject, but were nonetheless struck by the master’s immense size and unconventional technique. The diffuse light in the hall gave the painting an "enchanting and exciting" character. On the contrary, the Soviet artist Moses Spiridonov wrote in his memoirs that Nicolai Fechin allowed his students to visit the workshop hall where the canvas was being worked on. He wrote: “We went to him with excitement and awe. What we saw was unusual, delighted, and amazed us". Spiridonov recalled that a huge canvas stood on an easel. At first glance, he could not even discern what was depicted on the unfinished painting. Decorative spots caught his eye, and the human figures appeared as dark silhouettes. Only after some time did separate “details” (such as the boy at the trough with cabbage and the gray sky) begin to emerge, eventually forming a cohesive scene. Gradually, the artist's intention became clearer. Spiridonov noted that he particularly liked the foreground, with cabbage sprouts and leaves scattered on the ground. The painting seemed filled with air and light. The memoirist commented on the “tangibility of the texture of the objects,” the unprecedented freshness, and the “novelty in the ways of conveying real reality.” Despite having visited numerous museums, including those in the capital, and having seen masterpieces by the greatest masters of the past, Spiridonov had never encountered paintings executed in such a peculiar, original, and unique manner. He observed that something about the painting drew the viewer in, compelling a careful examination. Academics Elena Petinova and , based on the testimonies of contemporaries, wrote that Nicolai Fechin, while working on the canvas, brought an entire carriage of cabbage and painted it from life directly onto the final version of the painting — “into the canvas". According to Petinova, Fechin sought typages in the villages surrounding Kazan (which contrasts with other researchers' data pointing to Pushkarka in the Nizhny Novgorod province), where he went for sketches. == The painting in the museum's collection ==

Kapustnitsa is a canvas painting measuring 219 × 344 cm. The artist, Nicolai Fechin, signed it in the lower left corner. It is part of the collection at the Research Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg and is displayed in its permanent exhibition (Hall No. 5). The inventory number for this painting in the museum's collection is Zh-1498. Nicolai Fechin left this painting, along with two others —Portrait of an Unknown Woman (also known as Lady in Purple, 1908, canvas, oil, 102 × 79 cm, State Russian Museum, Zh-2281)— at the Imperial Academy of Arts. These works were meant as models for students of the Higher Art School. This tradition at the institution involved keeping the best works of students, from their early sketches to competition pieces, as "samples of academic education". These pieces were used for copying in classes, studying composition, and learning individual techniques. Kapustnitsa was left at the Academy immediately after its display at an exhibition there in 1909. Nicolai Fechin was awarded the title of artist and a golden medal During his travels, he became acquainted with major museum collections in these countries. Additionally, Fechin received the right to the rank of X class when entering the civil service and the right to teach drawing in educational institutions. == Contemporaries about Kapustnitsa ==

The Imperial Academy of Arts received Nicolai Fechin's painting enthusiastically. The reaction of the media was different. The art critic Yakov Tugendhold wrote in the monthly literary, scientific, and political journal Sovremenniy Mir, that Fechin was a gifted artist but was unable to “cognize or direct his talent.” According to Tugendhold, he is not a decorator but an “intimist,” so his painting has only “separate beautiful pieces of painting”. The painting itself is not characterized by unity and harmony and resembles a large panel or carpet. During the public demonstration of the painting at the competition of the Imperial Academy, the press spoke of it rather reservedly. In an article in the newspaper Novoe Vremya, art critic, painter, and writer Nicolai Kravchenko positively noted the subtle coloring of Kapustnitsa, but immediately wrote that the active use of bright green color destroys the color scheme on the canvas. After the demonstration of the finished painting at the Kazan Art School, Fechin's authority among the students became unquestionable. Some students were proud to study with him, while others dreamed of going to him for training. == Soviet art historians about the painting ==

Soviet art historian Iosif Brodsky, in his monograph Repin the Teacher, noted various influences on Nicolai Fechin's work during the period of the creation of Kapustnitsa: Repin's realism, impressionism, and naturalism. The researcher wrote that Fechin was sharply negative about the depiction of folk life in the paintings of Filipp Malyavin, but he himself was “excessive and excessively free in the ‘pictorial’ expression of folk scenes”. Brodsky considered Kapustnista and Bearing Away the Bride to be caricatures of village life and devoid of truth, although he found these paintings peculiar in their painterly manner and knife painting technique. The edition, published in 1961, noted that the artist was fascinated not by the domestic scene but by the opportunity to convey spontaneous fun. Fechin tried to convey the movement of characters with the help of “flickering colorful spots”. The author of the canvas was praised for his “hot temperament ... sophisticated sense of colorful tone, life ease". It was noted that, in depicting an episode from everyday life, the artist succeeded in portraying “a cheerful, noisy, and tipsy day”. In the biographical sketch in the catalog of Fechin's works, presented at an exhibition in Moscow in 1964, the painting Kapustnitsa (though not presented at the exhibition) was noted for its compositional maturity, the “sharpness” of its characteristics, and brilliant technique. The Guide to the Research Museum of the Academy of Arts, published in 1965, noted in Nicolai Fechin's painting “a broad pictorial style and sharp expressiveness”. Doctor of Art History Svetlana Chervonnaya, in her monograph The Art of Tatarstan, noted that in Kapustnitsa Nicolai Fechin managed to reveal both the beauty and strength of the people of labor and “‘wilderness’ life in the wilderness”. noting its virtuosic skill and the artist's skillful creation of a festive atmosphere of folk fun. Thanks to the successfully constructed composition, the artist places the viewer among the participants of this holiday. == Contemporary Russian art historians about the painting ==

. Haymaking, 1877Doctor of Art History Tatiana Mozhenok compared Nicolai Fechin's paintings with the French artist Jules Bastien-Lepage's and concluded that the Russian artist was characterized by “broad, free, temperamental writing,” while Bastien-Lepage's genre paintings were created in the style of photographic naturalism. Sergey Voronkov about the painting Art historian and artist Sergei Voronkov wrote about the main feature of the painting's composition—“linear rhythmic repetitions” expressed “in the arc-shaped lines of the contours of figures and separate groups of characters.” He found similarities in the construction of the composition of Kapustnitsa and the painting Bearing Away the Bride, painted a year before it. On both canvases, in the left part of the painting, there is a large figure, the same horizon line with narrow strips of sky, a reproduced foreground, and the ground under the feet of the characters. Voronkov argued that in the painting Kapustnitsa, a geometric center is emphasized. In his opinion, this is the brush in the hand of the seated peasant woman. The line of the left shoulder of this figure directs the viewer's eye to the compositional center of the painting—a face blurred by a smile, somewhat caricatured. The viewer sees the face of a pregnant woman with a cabbage and a knife, whose voluptuous figure resembles the shape of a matryoshka doll. To the right of this figure stands a boy cutting a pokeweed. From Sergei Voronkov's point of view, this is the second compositional center of the canvas. Behind his figure is a girl with a tray: although she is in the distant background, her clothes are the brightest spot on the canvas. The researcher considered these four figures to be the main protagonists of the painting. They are the ones that the artist has worked out in the greatest detail with his brush. The gaze of the woman standing on the left draws the viewer's attention to the background, where there are "closed" (as Voronkov put it) groups of figures. The canvas is animated by angles, gestures, and "rhythmic repetitions in the contours of the figures". Elena Petinova about the painting In the book From Academism to Art Nouveau: Russian painting of the late 19th - early 20th century, candidate of art history Elena Petinova wrote that the plot of the canvas is characterized by unpretentiousness and truthfulness. She believed that the painting has a semantic center—the figure of a full peasant woman in a high-lifted light skirt, who holds a cabbage sprout and a knife for shredding. Its cheerfulness combined with monotonous physical labor evoked in the researcher's mind the female images of Fechin's contemporaries — Philip Malyavin, Abram Arkhipov, and Sergey Ivanov. She wrote that although the artist clearly admires his heroine, her figure on the canvas is grotesque. The artist also endowed other characters of Kapustnitsa with grotesque elements. At the same time, Petinova agreed with Kaplanova that the grotesque final version is softened compared to the preparatory work for the canvas. Elena Petinova pointed out that Kapustnitsa, as well as other works of Nicolai Fechin from this period, is made in a special technique. The artist himself impregnated the canvas with casein glue. Thanks to this, the ground was not affected by moisture and the oil was removed from the colors. Although the canvas is painted with oil colors, they resemble the matte nature of tempera. The mattness was complemented by an extremely restrained palette with a predominance of pearl grays and ochres. However, this technique caused the paint layer to darken over time, and in the darkest places tonal nuances — gradations of the same chromatic tone — began to disappear, and these fragments now appear to the viewer painted in a uniform black color. Galina Tuluzakova about the painting Galina Tuluzakova, an art history graduate and author of several monographs on the artist's work, considered Kapustnitsa and Bearing Away the Bride to be two of Fechin's most important works in genre painting. She wrote that the composition of Kapustnitsa is determined by the distribution of paint spots. In her opinion, the canvas is less complex "in terms of dynamics" than Bearing Away the Bride made a year before. This is due to the pronounced center of the composition, which is emphasized by a large light spot below the center of the painting. This spot is formed by a mountain of cabbage sprouts lying directly on the ground. Adjacent to this bright mass is a contrasting spot — a peasant woman in dark clothing. The painting has two "tonal poles" — white and black. In general, according to Tuluzakova, it is the "rhythm of light and dark spots" that forms the structure of the entire canvas. Bearing Away the Bride" is asymmetrical, Kapustnitsa, on the other hand, follows the principle of symmetry, though not "mathematically literally". In the transition from white to dark, the color passes through a whole range of shades "from purple to yellow and cadmium tones" in the depiction of the actors, and in the depiction of the landscape it turns into gray. Golden-yellow and purple colors are contrasted, which, according to Galina Tuluzakova, should evoke associations with the translucency of rare rays of sunshine on a cloudy day. The purple tones serve to emphasize the golden ones. The artist succeeded in creating the effect of a shimmering pearly surface. Although Fechin's color palette is diverse, it is characterized by restraint. Nevertheless, in some fragments of the canvas, bright color combinations are used. One example is the juxtaposition of bright blue and yellow in the skirt of one of the peasant women in the left corner of the painting. Tuluzakova believed that here Fechin was anticipating the color contrasts of his Indigenous people's portraits, which he painted in Taos during the last period of his life. The painterly texture of "dense" colors creates the illusion of life and movement, creating an atmosphere of cheerful turmoil. Out of the "chaos of the colorful medley" emerge characters with distinct individuality, accentuated gestures and poses. Their movements are motivated by the action, but the narrative beginning is minimized. The monolithic nature of the enthusiastic crowd, as in the painting Bearing Away the Bride, is conveyed by Nicolai Fechin through the extreme density of the figures in the painting and the overlapping of the figures, as well as through the "middle tone of the painting", where the symmetry of the color spots (for example, the yellow shawl of the peasant woman in the foreground corresponds to the yellow spots of the shawl and skirt of the girl with the tray) gives the composition wholeness. The "vanishing point" coincides with the dark building in the background. According to Tuluzakova, it is the vertex of the triangle in which the artist has placed the scene. In Kapustnitsa, the depth of the space contrasts with the flatness of the painting, the volumetry of the image of signs with the decorative, graphic with the painterly, naturalism with the conventional. For this reason, he neglected the consistency of the narrative to express the "immediacy of feeling". He succeeded in expressing a wide range of emotions that overwhelm the characters: admiration, rejection, joy, despair, expectation, and hopelessness. At the same time, these extremes merge into a whole. According to Tuluzakova, "the pulsation of the pictorial fabric" embodies the "eternal energy of life" that comes from the earth and the rough, primitive nature of the peasants. The emotional expression is balanced by the restraint of the coloring. Tuluzakova even wrote that the author did not plan "a special activity of impact" of the painting on the viewer, so he harmonized the content and formal components. The faces of the characters are detailed, while the clothes and cabbage leaves are symbolic. In Seriakov's opinion, this was a way of showing the importance of the characters, their brightness and individuality, "concreteness and characteristic". The researcher pointed out that the artist achieved this not only by composition and coloring, but also by technique. Seryakov argued that "the conventionality of pictorial modeling in this case does not reach the level of non finito". In his opinion, we can only speak of "natural representativeness", closeness to the manner of sketching and "optical mixing" of colors, in which "individual strokes are formed into a concrete real image". If the use of "non-finito" painters only hints at the real object, bringing its image closer to abstraction, then in Kapustnitsa Nicolai Fechin's close attention "to the subject structure" is obvious. The sketches for Kapustnitsa are characterized by a careful elaboration of details; the author describes the characters to which he wants to draw the audience's attention. The sketches for Bearing Away the Bride and Slaughterhouse are executed in gouache and watercolor. In their free manner of execution, they are close to abstract compositions, with the figures being hardly distinguishable. == Notes ==