) The corps departed for the war on 10 May. On 28 July, as Charles XII seized command, it counted 198 men. The Drabants landed on
Humlebæk,
Zealand by mid-August, after the Swedish infantry had
secured the beachhead on 4 August. After
peace was signed between Denmark and
Holstein-Gottorp, the Drabants returned to Sweden, where they arrived on 1 September.
Baltic campaign On 11 October, the 147 Drabants set off from
Karlshamn towards
Pärnu together with the king's army, to relieve the Swedish town of
Narva which was besieged by the Russians under
Peter I. On their way, a Russian detachment under
Boris Sheremetev was defeated at Pühhajoggi Pass. The Drabants received their baptism of fire in the ensuing
Battle of Narva, on 30 November. Following the battle, the corps marched towards
Laiuse, where they arrived four days later and established
winter encampment with the main army. Although strictly forbidden, duels frequently occurred between the Drabants during this time, leading to five dismissals. Dueling within the corps was a continuing problem during the war years, and would contribute to losses of about 6% of the total strength (compared to 17% who were killed in action or die from their wounds). The corps did not remain idle between major battles, however, as they frequently accompanied the king in his many ventures. Next, the Drabants followed the main army in the march towards
Riga, which had earlier
been besieged by the
Saxon army; the two armies met at the banks of the Düna on 19 July 1701, where the Drabants significantly contributed to the victory. Charles XII subsequently occupied
Courland and, on 12 December, unexpectedly left his headquarters at
Virga to drive the
Lithuanians out of Samogitia. Concerned by these developments, Arvid Horn was sent with 480 cavalries, including 40 Drabants, to find him; they reached the king near
Kėdainiai followed by a company of eight, after which they escorted him back to Virga. On his arrival there on 9 January 1702, Charles XII ordered the army to proceed further into the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, against
Warsaw, capturing the city on 25 May after arriving with the Drabants.
Narva The corps, counting 151–158 men in two squadrons, was led by Arvid Horn and Carl Gustaf Wrangel. It joined the right cavalry-column on the left Swedish wing, under the command of
Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld; its task was to cover the left flank of the infantry and break through the Russian entrenchments near the Rathshof bastion, and to subsequently cut off the Russian escape route west—by securing the bridges (especially the Kamperholm Bridge) going over the
Narva river (Narova). The Swedish infantry assault was successful, and the attack was soon followed by, among others, the Drabants. At this moment, since Charles XII had seized command over Wrangel's squadron, many Russians could be seen fleeing their entrenchments towards the river. Apart from his Drabants, the king took with him a squadron of dragoons to attack them, forcing them back into the entrenchment. Meanwhile, Horn's squadron rode through the created openings in the entrenchments; once inside, it pressed on towards the Kamperholm Bridge, killing many fleeing Russians in the process. The bridge soon collapsed under the weight of the fleeing mob, thus isolating the Russian army. A desperate stand was mounted in front of the bridge, with the cover of a
wagon fort. During this time, Charles XII rode down into a moat in front of the entrenchments, assisted by Drabant Axel Patrik Thomson and two other soldiers, who dragged him up. He then rode to the Drabants, preparing for them to
gå-på the Russian wagon fort, however, as the Life Guards of Foot arrived, he instead ordered them to commence the attack. After several attacks, all of which were repulsed, the Russians eventually surrendered. The Drabants had sustained a loss of 11 killed and 28 wounded, of which five later died from their wounds; the corps had an effective strength of 95 men after the battle, excluding 17 men who were sick. In total, the Swedes had 667 killed and 1,247 wounded, in comparison, between 7,000 and 12,000 Russians were killed (according to their own estimates). After the battle, Charles made a victorious entry into Narva with his Drabants. The following day, a Russian company that had been dispersed during the fight was captured by Thomson.
Düna In the battle, the Drabants contributed 135–140 men formed into one squadron, led by Arvid Horn; they were part of the small contingent of cavalry that was positioned on the right Swedish wing, which stretched north of the Garras redoubt. Before the Drabants landed, the infantry had established a foothold, and the Saxon general launched an attack with 2,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry. The Drabants encountered the outermost
cuirassier squadron on the Saxon left wing, which charged sword in hand and, notwithstanding their volley, quickly fell back in disarray towards their second line. The squadron rallied and again attacked, but with the same outcome. The success was replicated along the Swedish line which steadily pressed on, pushing the enemy 200 paces inland. At this time, with the first attack beaten back,
Adam Heinrich von Steinau arrived with reinforcements, took command and prepared for another attack. The outnumbered Swedes had their left flank anchored to the river, so von Steinau instead sent all his cavalry to their unsupported right, where the Drabants stood. The Saxon squadrons were charged and then chased away by the Drabants. Because of the disparity in numbers, additional Saxon squadrons were able to turn against the Swedish flanks, causing disorder among the ranks—the Drabants canceled their pursuit, turned around, and decisively fell into their rear, allowing the Swedish army to beat back even this attack. At this time, as the Drabants received needed reinforcements from the Life Regiment of Horse, a final attack was launched against their flank but was likewise repulsed, after which the Saxons retreated. The Swedes were unable to pursue the Saxons to any larger extent since the
floating bridge, meant to transfer over the bulk of cavalry, had not been completed. Instrumental to the Swedish victory, the Drabants suffered only two men killed and 19 wounded (one mortally), among them the captain lieutenant. The Swedes sustained a loss of 100 killed and 400 wounded in total, against 2,000 killed, wounded and captured of the enemy.
Polish and Saxon campaigns ; the Saxons can be seen retreating over the river During the first half of 1702, in the
Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth, the Drabants participated in many ceremonies in which the king received
Polish and Lithuanian magnates. The corps later fought valiantly against the Saxons under
Augustus II at the
Battle of Kliszów, on 19 July, which led to the capture of
Kraków. Here, Charles broke his leg as his horse fell during a demonstration of horsemanship by
Stenbock's newly raised squadron of
Wallachian-style cavalry. The Drabants brought the king inside the town, where they quartered for some time. Following his recovery, they fought in the cavalry
engagement at Pułtusk in 1703, where the Saxons lost more than 1,200 horsemen to 20 Swedes. Afterwards, they marched in the vanguard, which drove the Saxon outposts back into
Toruń; the town was taken on 14 October,
following a siege that cost the Saxons near 6,000 killed and captured—to only 40 killed Swedish casualties. The Drabants camped near Charles XII as per usual, and had to endure some enemy artillery fire. On 17 May 1704 in
Lidzbark, stable master Axel Hård died from his wounds after he was accidentally shot by Charles XII during a Drabant-exercise, two days earlier. On 6 September, the corps participated in the
Storming of Lemberg (Lviv) in which Drabant Jöran Silfverhielm personally captured the garrison commander, Franciszek Gałecki, hiding in a
Jesuit monastery. The Drabants then witnessed the Polish surprise attack on the Swedish camp outside the town. When the king received news of Arvid Horn's surrender at Warsaw, he marched back to expel the Saxons from Poland. When the Swedish army crossed the
Vistula by the end of October, the enemies fled Warsaw. Many were captured in the pursuit. At one occasion, three Drabants disarmed and captured 21 Russians and Saxons. The Drabants, unable to catch up with the king, instead marched with
Otto Vellingk's army. On 1 November, they encountered 300 cavalries in a
rearguard, killing most of them while capturing a major and 60 soldiers. Vellingk, along with his five regiments (including the Drabants), arrived at
Poniec the day
after the battle and then marched to Tillendorf. There, on 8 November, they intercepted 600–700 Russians in a wagon fort; the Russian force was annihilated after a brave defence—five were captured and the rest killed, against 21 killed and 50 wounded Swedes. By the end of the month, Charles and the Drabants went into
cantonment around
Rawicz. In early 1705, Lagercrona was ordered by Charles to raise a 200-man strong Trabant Corps (referred to as
Carabiniers) for the new Polish king
Stanisław I, modeled after the Swedish Drabants; the unit, with
Stanisław Poniatowski as a colonel and four lieutenants under him, were likewise issued fine clothing and weaponry to match their high salary. The Swedish Drabants decamped in late July and, after receiving news of the
Battle of Warsaw, moved to
Błonie, from where Charles could safeguard the coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński. Once completed, and with
peace secured between Sweden and Poland, he marched against the Russian main army at
Grodno. Frequent skirmishes occurred; 11 Drabants (with their servants) defeated a larger Russian detachment on 15 January, killing 50. Charles then
starved the Russians out of Grodno, before
moving against Saxony, of which the main army had been decisively
defeated at Fraustadt; the Swedes, with the king and Drabants up front, went through
Silesia (part of the
Holy Roman Empire) to Saxony, crossing its border on 6 September. By this time, the Drabants numbered 100 men. After
peace had been established and the regiments rested and replenished, Charles decamped from Saxony at the beginning of September the next year—launching the
campaign against Russia. On 6 January 1706, Arvid Horn had resigned his post as captain lieutenant. He was replaced by Carl Gustaf Wrangel on 12 July. Carl died from disease on 8 June 1707 and was replaced by Otto Wrangel on 22 August. and
August I following the
Peace of Altranstädt; three Drabants with carbines can be seen standing guard
Kliszów The corps counted 147 men, and was formed into one squadron led by Carl Gustaf Wrangel. It fought in the first line (which was commanded by Arvid Horn) on the right Swedish wing, under Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld. To circumvent the advantageous Saxon position, Charles started wheeling his line to the left—until the Polish
Crown Army suddenly appeared on the Saxon flank, forcing him to halt. Instead of awaiting an inevitable Saxon–Polish attack, Charles seized the initiative with his left-wing and marched straight at them. The Poles and the Saxon right were forced to retreat after a fierce struggle, while the Swedish center began traversing the morass between them and the Saxon infantry, preparing to attack. During this time, von Steinau, commanding the left Saxon cavalry-wing where the best troops remained, commenced an attack on the unprepared Swedish right cavalry-wing; the Saxons, enjoying a twofold numerical advantage, attempted to cut the Swedish wing off from their center, by simultaneously attacking them in the front, flank and rear. The Swedish squadrons received the onslaught with their backs
"turned into each other", with the Drabants facing the Swedish center. The Swedes, in contrast to their enemy, charged sword in hand, forcing the Saxons to retire in all directions. The Drabants then pursued the beaten enemy squadrons, but were suddenly attacked in the rear by another one. They made an
about-turn; the rear rank formed the front, and quickly threw this salient back in disarray. Rehnskiöld assembled his troops and marched over the morass, where the bulk of the Saxon squadrons had rallied. Von Steinau counter-attacked, but was decisively defeated, largely thanks to the Drabants. Most of his squadrons reached safety on the west bank of the
Nida. The Swedish infantry, meanwhile, captured the enemy field artillery and aimed it at the Saxons, forcing them to retreat. Straggling Saxon regiments, or those stuck in the marshes, were destroyed. The Drabants, who had distinguished themselves, lost one or two colonels killed and one wounded, with an unknown number of killed and wounded commoners. Arvid Horn was again wounded. In total, the Swedes suffered 300 killed and between 500 and 800 wounded. The Saxons and Poles lost about 2,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 captured. As a reward for their performance in the battle, Charles XII pardoned six Drabants who had been dismissed for dueling. ; the cavalry engagement with the Drabants can be seen in the foreground
Russian campaign Following the winter encampment in Saxony, Sweden launched an invasion of Russia. The Drabants, numbering 150, marched in the vanguard with the king and encountered fierce
guerrilla warfare in the forests of
Masuria. Once through, the Drabants stayed at
Nowa Wola until 8 February while Charles advanced to Grodno,
where he defeated 1,000–2,000 Russians at the
Neman bridge on 7 February 1708. On 25 June, the king and the Drabants reached
Byerazino, where they observed 600 Russian dragoons standing across
the river. When Charles reconnoitered with his bodyguard, 200 Russians swam over and attacked him. They were driven back with a loss of 40 men as Swedish reinforcements arrived. On 10 July, Charles XII, the Drabants, and the Life Guards of Foot reached the outskirts of
Holowczyn, forcing the Russian outposts to retreat over the Vabich (a marshy tributary of the
Drut river) without a fight. Four days later, the corps fought valiantly at the
Battle of Holowczyn, losing its captain lieutenant Otto Wrangel. Peter I in a letter to
Fyodor Apraksin, claimed the Drabants—whom he viewed as a role model for every European army—had lost their general along with half of the force. On 10 September, they witnessed the
Battle of Malatitze, and ten days later fought at the
Skirmish at Rajovka, arriving among the first group save the king, who was surrounded by a large enemy force. By the end of 1708, as the army turned towards
Ukraine, the corps counted 146 men in the lines. The following year, the Drabants participated in the February-offensive to dislodge the nearby Russian units and
scorch the land west of the
Vorskla: At the
Battle of Opishnia on 7 February, 2,500 Swedes routed 6,000 Russians, killing or capturing 266–650 while losing only two or three killed (including the Drabant Otto Reinhold Pihlmeijer) and 10–17 wounded. The force then attacked Khukhra on 19 February, killing or capturing 150–200 Russians, out of a force of 1,000–2,000, to merely one or two Swedes. They attacked
Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye on 21 February, killing above a thousand Russians. The Drabants quartered at Krasna Luka when Charles launched a costly
assault on Veprik, on 18 January 1709. During the night of 11–12 May, the king laid siege to
Poltava. On 18 May, the Russians attempted to force Charles to end the siege by attacking
Opishnia. The Drabants fought alongside the king and forced the Russians back over the Vorskla, losing 200 killed to 150–200 Swedes. On 26 June, the Russians again crossed the river and prepared an ambush. Smaller skirmishes were initially fought against the Cossacks of
Ivan Mazepa (allied to Charles since late 1708). When the Drabants arrived they compelled the Russians to retreat without a fight. The siege culminated in the disastrous Swedish defeat at Poltava on 8 July, costing the Drabants heavy casualties. The battle, as well as the following
Surrender at Perevolochna, was a devastating blow to Charles, who managed to escape over the river of
Dnieper with a small part of the army, including 101 Drabants. Apart from those lost in the battle, four Drabants were captured at Perevolochna. The king arrived at
Bender in August, lying on a horse stretcher with the Drabants by his side.
Holowczyn The corps, consisting of 120–134 men, was formed into one squadron under the command of Otto Wrangel. It was part of the first line of cavalry that would cross the Vabich under Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld. The Swedish objective was to prevent the Russian wings from supporting each other. At 03:00, three hours later than the infantry, the squadrons started moving under the cover of a Swedish
artillery barrage.
Anikita Repnin was caught by surprise and offered only minimal resistance before commencing a general retreat, pursued by the Swedish infantry. The Swedish squadrons traversed the marshes behind the infantry with great difficulty. Rehnskiöld ordered the first two squadrons across to counterattack three regiments of Russian dragoons at Visoki (from von Goltz' command), coming to attack the Swedish infantry in the right flank and rear. After having defeated their vanguard of about 200 men, the Swedes encountered six and a half Russian squadrons that followed them. Fierce fighting erupted, with the two Swedish squadrons hardly pressed until the Drabants arrived and immediately charged. Split into corporalships (smaller groups), the Drabants launched ten subsequent attacks which overthrew one Russian squadron after another. The Swedes were on the brink of defeat when an additional three and a half Russian squadrons arrived, while
Kalmucks constantly harassed them in the rear. They were saved when two fresh Swedish squadrons arrived and attacked the rear of the Russians, defeating them. The remaining five squadrons of the three Russian dragoon regiments (as well as a company of
grenadiers) were beaten nearby by two other Swedish squadrons. Rehnskiöld then pursued to Gnjasdin, where the fleeing Russians collided with a force under Goltz (three dragoon regiments and three grenadier companies) which was in the process of forming into
battle formation. Rehnskiöld's cavalry—now numbering 13 squadrons including the Drabants—quickly charged and defeated the Russian force. Goltz's four remaining regiments met the same faith as they, unaware of his defeat, marched straight into Rehnskiöld who ambushed them in a forest glade. Charles arrived in person and took command over the cavalry, pursuing the Russians for another 16 km under frequent fighting. After a brief demonstration by
Boris Sheremetev's command against the Swedish
baggage train, the Russian forces retreated towards the
Dnieper. The Drabants had lost their captain lieutenant, their quartermaster, the adjutant and six others, while 31–36 were wounded (three mortally). The total Swedish loss was 265–267 killed and 1,018–1,028 wounded, while the Russians had more than 3,000 casualties. The killed Swedish soldiers were honorably buried in the entrenchment-grave, with Drabants placed in the ''"poste d'honneur"''—furthest to the right. Charles was so satisfied with the performance of his Drabants that he bought new horses for the ones who had lost theirs in the battle.
Gorodnoye The Drabants counted up to 145 men, formed into one squadron under Gustaf Hård, and were part of a cavalry contingent led by the king. In response to the Swedish winter offensive, Peter ordered the bulk of his infantry to retreat from
Okhtyrka as he wanted to avoid a potentially
decisive battle. To delay the Swedes, he left a significant force (perhaps 18 regiments) of mostly cavalry around
Krasnokutsk and Gorodnoye, under
Carl Ewald von Rönne. On 21 February, Charles captured a
Russian outpost 10 km northwest of Krasnokutsk that revealed the Russian force dispositions, consisting of seven regiments (or 5,000 men) under von Schauenburg. Charles galloped to Krasnokutsk with 2,500 cavalry, including the Drabants, and attacked the Russians the same day—in what has later characterized as the
"proudest day of the Swedish cavalry." The Swedes, with Charles and the Drabants upfront, achieved
total surprise, killing hundreds of Russians in the streets, gardens and farms, while others were forced driven off with grenades. The Russian horses were much inferior to their own, letting the Drabants wreak havoc in their lines. The Russians, who fled towards Gorodnoye half a
mile to the north-east, formed up in
order de bataille halfway there, at a very advantageous position with protected flanks. The Swedes broke through the
Cossacks and Kalmucks who screened their front and continued towards the dragoons. Seeing this, the Russians again retreated; one part past Gorodnoye to the right and the other to the left through its suburbs. The enemies were relentlessly massacred as they were chased through the narrow streets. The Swedish pursuit continued through the suburbs, over a height, and past a millpond. Suddenly a large Russian force suddenly appeared from Gorodnoye, fielding on their right flank six dragoon regiments and two battalions, or 10,000 men, under von Rönne. Because the Swedish cavalry had been dispersed or halted, the king had but 600 men by his side. Many Drabants had to dismount their exhausted horses and fight on foot, gallantly charged into their lines. The Swedish dragoons, however, were repulsed after receiving fierce volleys from the Russian infantry, whose numbers increased rapidly. Fruitless attempts were made by Charles to rally them, but their depleted banners fell back, dragging the king with them. Abandoned, the Drabants soon fell back to the height as well, where the king rallied his few troops. They had been unable to break through, but their efforts had temporarily stunned the Russians. After a while, the dispersed Swedish cavalry rallied under Kruse, who arrived and forced the enemies to retreat from the battle. The Swedes then scorched the two small towns. Allegedly, the Drabants had killed 115 Russians at Gorodnoye, and many more during the pursuit between the small towns, where 639 bodies were subsequently counted. The Drabants had up to 10 men killed and one captured, with an unknown amount of wounded. In total, the Russians had lost 1,000–1,200 in killed, to only 130 Swedes.
Poltava ; Charles XII is highlighted in the background The corps counted 100–131 men, of which one corporalship guarded the bullet-wounded Charles XII; it was formed into one squadron under Gustaf Hård, belonging to the right cavalry-wing, consisting of three columns under
Gustaf Creutz. About 17,000 Swedes would attack at least 60,000 Russians. The battle began at dawn, as the ten Swedish columns marched towards the two coherent lines of Russian redoubts in a 'T' shape. They protected their fortified camp, while the Russians brought up dragoons to support them. One part of the Swedish infantry assaulted the vertical redoubts, while the rest continued forward to break through the horizontal ones. Creutz's wing, led by the Drabants and two other regiments, simultaneously attacked the Russian dragoons by the redoubts, but found confusion at first. As order was restored, the dragoons pushed past the redoubts to the open, where they stood no chance against the pursuing Swedish cavalry. As the bulk of the infantry penetrated the horizontal line, about eight Drabants bodyguarding Charles were lost to the crossfire, or Cossacks and Kalmucks launching attacks against the columns. During this time, one-third of the Swedish infantry was bogged down, fighting the vertical redoubts; this isolated contingent was later destroyed when the Russians sent a much superior force against them. The Swedish cavalry, which was pursuing the dragoons and almost had them trapped against a stream or gulley, was recalled to rendezvous with the rest of the army. The Drabant squadron was sent to find the missing third of the infantry, but the Russian presence at the redoubts complicated this task. In the next battle Charles positioned behind the right-wing. Surprising the Swedes, Peter I seized the initiative and marched on them, who stood in a position offering only limited maneuverability. Most of the cavalry stood formed up behind their respective infantry wings. To give the cavalry maneuvering space, Rehnskiöld ordered a general advance against the approaching Russians, whose line extended much further than the Swedish one. The infantry on the right wing was initially successful, in that they quickly pushed the first Russian line back, capturing some of their guns, while the heavily outnumbered battalions on the left began wavering against devastating artillery fire. At this crucial moment, cavalry support was needed on both wings. Creutz was slightly delayed and ran into uninvolved Russian battalions further out to the right, instead of attacking the already shaken ones. After bouncing against their squares, he turned his attention to Russian squadrons on his right flank, chasing them away—but abandoning the infantry. As the left cavalry-wing was also unable to coordinate an attack, both infantry-wings were crucially deprived of cavalry support and subsequently collapsed. During the infantry rout, desperate attempts were made by the Swedish cavalry to halt the Russian onslaught. Charles' retreat was cut off by the Russians, and he ordered the Drabants to break through at all cost. During the ensuing struggle the Drabants cut their way through the Russian line. However, Charles'
litter his horse was shot from under him. Lieutenant Johan Giertta gave Charles his horse, allowing him to escape. The Drabants lost 17 killed and at least 6 wounded (including Gustaf Hård), of whom 3 were captured along with 6 others. In total, the Swedes lost a minimum of 11,200 killed, wounded and captured, compared to at least 4,500 Russians.
After Perevolochna While in Bender, Gustaf Hård was appointed captain lieutenant on 9 February 1710. Several Drabants were part of Gustaf Zülich's expedition of 1711, sent out by Charles to ease cooperation between the Polish and Cossack armies during the
Russo-Ottoman War. Some Drabants witnessed Peter's defeat at Stănileşti later in 1711. In December 1712 or January 1713, while still in Bender, a small Swedish commando unit (including six Drabants) intercepted secret documents, informing Charles of
Jan Kazimierz' and
Khan Giray's alleged plot to hand him over to
Augustus II. A month later, the corps was neutralized in the
Skirmish at Bender, apart from four Drabants who stayed near Charles to defend the King's house. Drabant
Axel Erik Roos reportedly saved the king several times during the encounter. Most of the Swedish prisoners were released within a month. In the autumn of 1714, as Charles returned to
Swedish Pomerania from
Turkey, 54 Drabants remained; 20 had died in Turkey, 15 had been transferred to other units, two had been sent home, four had escaped and six had been dismissed. The next March, 50 Drabants were reunited with the king in
Stralsund—four had been left behind in the march. The corps participated in the
Siege of Stralsund (1715) and later took part in the failed
assault on Stresow, in which they formed the
vanguard alongside another regiment; four were killed or mortally wounded, while two others were captured. As Stralsund fell in December, Drabants were promised safe passage to
Sweden proper and landed at
Ystad on 16 June 1716. They now consisted of 37 men, 14 of whom had set sail from Karlshamn on 11 October 1700. Eleven of these were part of the
"old order", who had been Drabants since before the reformation of 1700. Once back in Sweden, the absence of experienced and young officers led the corps to be merged with the Life Squadron. In 1717, Gustaf Hård stepped down as captain lieutenant and was replaced by Johan Giertta, on 18 December. In 1718, the corps participated in the
Norwegian campaign. They departed from
Lund on 17 October 1718 and reached
Halden on 20 November, during the
Siege of Fredriksten. Uncharacteristically, the Drabants were ordered not to stay with the king, instead marching to
Eidsberg on 22 November. On 3 December, Charles ordered their captain lieutenant to take some thousand cavalry and clear the eastern side of the
Glomma. News of Charles' death arrived on 11 December, the remaining 33 Drabants, as well as the Life Squadron, marched back to Sweden. They played a prominent role at his funeral. After the war, and as a consequence of the cuts in the defense budget, the Life Squadron was dissolved in 1722, while the Drabants went back to their 1695 status. After the war, many Drabants earned high-ranking posts elsewhere: one became
field marshal; one became admiral; two became generals; one became the president of the
Svea Court of Appeal; three became governors; four became
lieutenant generals; ten became major generals; 17 became colonels, while many others were ennobled. == Notes, citations and sources ==