Circular mil

As a unit of area, the circular mil can be converted to other units such as square inches or square millimetres. 1 circular mil is approximately equal to: • 0.7854 square mils (1 square mil is about 1.273 circular mils) • 7.854 × 10−7 square inches (1 square inch is about 1.273 million circular mils) • 5.067 × 10−10 square metres • 5.067 × 10−4 square millimetres • 506.7 μm 1000 circular mils = 1 MCM or 1 kcmil, and is (approximately) equal to: • 0.5067 mm, so 2 kcmil ≈ 1 mm (a 1.3% error) Therefore, for practical purposes such as wire choice, 2 kcmil ≈ 1 mm is a reasonable rule of thumb for many applications. Square mils In square mils, the area of a circle with a diameter of 1 mil is: A = \pi r^2 = \pi \left( \frac{d}{2} \right) ^2 = \frac{\pi d^2}{4} = \rm \frac{\pi \times (1~mil)^2}{4} = \frac{\pi}{4}~mil^2 \approx 0.7854~mil^2 By definition, this area is also equal to 1 circular mil, so \rm 1~cmil = \frac{\pi}{4}~mil^2 The conversion factor from square mils to circular mils is therefore 4/ cmil per square mil: \rm 1~mil^2 = \frac{4}{\pi}~cmil The formula for the area of an arbitrary circle in circular mils can be derived by applying this conversion factor to the standard formula for the area of a circle (which gives its result in square mils). \begin{align} A_{\textrm{mil}^2} &= \pi r^2 = \pi \left( \frac{d}{2} \right) ^2 = \frac{\pi d^2}{4} && (\text{Area in square mils})\\[2ex] A_\textrm{cmil} &= A_{\textrm{mil}^2} \times \frac{4}{\pi} && (\text{Convert to cmil})\\[2ex] A_\textrm{cmil} &= \frac{\pi d^2}{4} \times \frac{4}{\pi} && (\text{Substitute area in square mils with its definition})\\[2ex] A_\textrm{cmil} &= d^2 && (\text{where d is measured in mils})\\[2ex] \end{align} Square inches To equate circular mils with square inches rather than square mils, the definition of a mil in inches can be substituted: : \begin{align} \rm 1~cmil &= \rm \frac{\pi}{4}~mil^2 = \frac{\pi}{4}~(0.001~in)^2\\[2ex] &= \rm \frac{\pi}{4{,}000{,}000}~in^2 \approx 7.854 \times 10^{-7}~in^2 \end{align} Square millimetres Likewise, since 1 inch is defined as exactly 25.4mm, 1mil is equal to exactly 0.0254mm, so a similar conversion is possible from circular mils to square millimetres: : \begin{align} \rm 1~cmil &= \rm \frac{\pi}{4}~mil^2 = \frac{\pi}{4}~(0.0254~mm)^2 = \frac{\pi \times 0.000\,645\,16}{4}~mm^2 \\[2ex] &= \rm 1.6129\pi \times 10^{-4}~mm^2 \approx 5.067 \times 10^{-4}~mm^2 \end{align} ==Example calculations==

A 0000 AWG solid wire is defined to have a diameter of exactly . The cross-sectional area of this wire is: Formula 1: circular mil Note: 1 inch = 1000 mils :\begin{align} d &= \rm 0.46~inches = 460~mil \\ A &= d^2 ~ \rm cmil/mil^2 = (460~mil)^2 ~ cmil/mil^2 = 211{,}600~cmil. \end{align} (This is the same result as the AWG circular mil formula shown below for ) Formula 2: square mil :\begin{align} d &= \rm 0.46~inches = 460~mils \\ r &= {d \over 2} = \rm 230~mils \\ A &= \pi r^2 = \rm \pi \times (230~mil)^2 = 52{,}900 \pi~mil^2 \approx 166{,}190.25~mil^2 \end{align} Formula 3: square inch :\begin{align} d &= \rm 0.46~inches \\ r &= {d \over 2} = \rm 0.23~inches \\ A &= \pi r^2 = \rm \pi \times (0.23~in)^2 = 0.0529 \pi \approx 0.16619~in^2 \end{align} Calculating diameter from area When large diameter wire sizes are specified in kcmil, such as the widely used 250 kcmil and 350 kcmil wires, the diameter of the wire can be calculated from the area without using : We first convert from kcmil to circular mil :\begin{align} A &= \rm 250~kcmil = 250{,}000~\text{cmil} \\ d &= \sqrt{A ~ \mathrm{mil^2/cmil}} \\ d &= \rm \sqrt{(250{,}000~cmil) ~ mil^2/cmil} = 500~mil = 0.500~inches \end{align} Thus, this wire would have a diameter of a half inch or 12.7 mm. ==Metric equivalent==

Some tables give conversions to circular millimetres (cmm). The area in cmm is defined as the square of the wire diameter in mm. However, this unit is rarely used in practice. One of the few examples is in a patent for a bariatric weight loss device. : \rm 1~cmm = \left( \frac{1000}{25.4} \right) ^2~cmil \approx 1{,}550~cmil ==AWG circular mil formula==

The formula to calculate the area in circular mil for any given AWG (American Wire Gauge) size is as follows. A_n represents the area of number n AWG. :A_n = \left (5 \times 92^{(36 - n)/39}\right)^2 For example, a number 12 gauge wire would use n = 12: :\left(5 \times 92^{(36-12)/39}\right)^2 = 6530~\textrm{cmil} Sizes with multiple zeros are successively larger than 0AWG and can be denoted using "number of zeros/0"; for example "4/0" for 0000AWG. For an m/0AWG wire, use :n = -(m - 1) = 1 - m in the above formula. For example, 0000AWG (4/0AWG), would use n = -3; and the calculated result would be 211,600 circular mils. ==Standard large wire sizes in kcmil==

In North America wires larger than the AWG are available in sizes beginning with a half-inch (500 mil) diameter. However, solid core wire of that size would be quite stiff for most uses as it resists bending and coiling for transport. Therefore, most large wires are made of tightly-bound strands of smaller wire with the same cross-sectional area of conductors. The table below has a diameter column that is for solid wire with no strands. Since standard sizes have a fixed area, a stranded wire would always have a larger diameter than the table shown below. Large standard wires range from 250 to 400kcmil in increments of 50kcmil, from 400 to 1000 in increments of 100kcmil, and from 1000 to 2000 in increments of 250kcmil. The diameter in the table below is that of a solid rod with the given conductor area in circular mils. Stranded wire is larger in diameter to allow for gaps between the strands, depending on the number and size of strands. Note: For smaller wires, consult . Note: Aluminum wires have a much lower ampacity than copper but are often available in these sizes. ==Square mil==

A square mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a square with sides of length one mil. A mil is one thousandth of an international inch. This unit of area is usually used in specifying the area of the cross section of a wire or cable. 1 square mil is equal to: • 1 millionth of a square inch (1 square inch is equal to 1 million square mils) • • about 1.273 circular mils (1 circular mil is equal to about 0.7854 square mils). and ==See also==