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Kyiv Pechersk Lavra

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra or Kyievo-Pecherska Lavra, also known as the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves, is a historic lavra or large monastery of Eastern Christianity that gave its name to the Pecherskyi District where it is located in Kyiv.

Etymology and other names
means cave, which in turn derived from Proto-Slavic *реktera with the same meaning. is used to describe high-ranking male monasteries for monks of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Therefore, the name of the monastery is also translated as Kyiv Cave Monastery, Kyiv Caves Monastery or the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves (from ''''). == History ==
History
Foundation and early history The Primary Chronicle contains contradictory information as to when the monastery was founded: in 1051, or in 1074. Anthony, a monk on Mount Athos, originally from Liubech of the Principality of Chernigov, returned to Rus' and settled in Kyiv as a missionary of monastic tradition to Kyivan Rus'. He chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnieper River and a community of disciples soon grew. Prince Iziaslav I of Kyiv (1024–1078) ceded the whole mount to the Anthonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople. In 1096 the monastery was plundered by the Cumans. Later it fell victim to the Mongolian invaders, and in 1416 was burned down by forces of Golden Horde ruler Edigey, being rebuilt only in 1470. Mayors of Kyiv, members of the szlachta and Cossack starshyna, as well as church hierarchs also found their burial place in the monastery. According to a legend published by polemicist and preacher , in 1630 the monastery was besieged by a Polish army, but the Holy Mother of God protected its monks by turning a "fiery rain" against the invaders. Despite the patronage of powerful figures, including Ivan Mazepa and Raphael Zaborovsky, the Annexation of the Metropolis of Kyiv by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1685 started a process of subjugation of the monastery to Russian imperial authority. In 1722, by the decree of Peter I of Russia, the Metropolis of Kyiv was lowered in status to an archbishopric, which made it equal to other subdivisions of the Russian Synodal Church. In the following years, Russian religious traditions, axiology and language were imposed on the Orthodox Church in Ukraine. The monastery complex is considered a separate national historic-cultural preserve (sanctuary), the national status to which was granted on 13 March 1996. The Lavra is not only located in another part of the city, but is part of a different national sanctuary than Saint Sophia Cathedral. While being a cultural attraction, the monastery is once again active, with over 100 monks in residence. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on 21 August 2007. Until the end of 2022, jurisdiction over the site had been divided between the state museum, National Kyiv-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) as the site of the chief monastery of that Church and the residence of its leader, Onufrius, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine. In January 2023, the Ukrainian government terminated the UOC-MP's lease of the Dormition Cathedral and the Refectory Church (also known as the Trapezna Church), returning those properties to direct state control. It also announced that the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) had been granted permission to celebrate a Christmas service in the Dormition Cathedral, on 7 January 2023, Orthodox Christmas by the Old Calendar, On 10 March 2023, the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve announced that the 2013 agreement on the free use of churches by the UOC-MP would be terminated on the grounds that the church had violated their lease by making alterations to the historic site, and other technical infractions. The UOC-MP did not fully leave Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following 29 March 2023. On 23 July 2025, a religious service in the Ukrainian language, the first of its kind in many years, was performed in the Far Caves of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra by Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv. File:Sviati Feodosiy ta Antoniy Pecherski.jpg|Icon of Saints Anthony and Theodosius, founders of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra File:Near Caves.jpg|The Near Caves of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Sketch by the Dutch artist Abraham van Westerveld made in 1651 File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Lithograph.jpg|A lithograph of Pechersk Lavra, Kyiv, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C. File:Hammond Slides Russia 51.jpg|Ruins of the Dormition Cathedral in 1958 File:Lavra Kyiv.JPG|A panorama of the monastery, southward view File:Uspensky Sobor.jpg|The restored Cathedral of the Dormition, in 2005 File:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|Up-close view of the Great Lavra Belltower with its four tiers in 2005 ==Priors==
Priors
The priors of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra are listed below. ==Buildings and structures==
Buildings and structures
File:Perchersk Lavra, Kyiv Panorama.jpg|thumb|Pechersk Lavra, Kyiv, in 1889, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C. The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra contains numerous architectural monuments, ranging from bell towers to cathedrals to cave systems and to strong stone fortification walls. The main attractions of the Lavra include the Great Lavra Belltower, and the Dormition Cathedral, destroyed in fighting the Germans World War II, and fully reconstructed in the 1990s after the fall of Soviet Union by Ukraine. Other churches and cathedrals of the Lavra include: the Refectory Church, the Church of All Saints, the Church of the Saviour at Berestove, the Church of the Exaltation of Cross, the Church of the Trinity, the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Church of the Conception of St. Anne, and the Church of the Life-Giving Spring. The Lavra also contains many other constructions, including: the St. Nicholas Monastery, the Kyiv Theological Academy and Seminary, and the Debosquette Wall. Great Lavra Belltower The Great Lavra Belltower is one of the most notable features of the Kyiv skyline and among the main attractions of the Lavra. 96.5 meters in height, it was the tallest free-standing belltower at the time of its construction in 1731–1745, and was designed by the architect Johann Gottfried Schädel. It is a Classical style construction and consists of tiers, surmounted by a gilded dome. Dormition Cathedral Built in the 11th century, the main church of the monastery was destroyed during the World War II, a couple of months after the Nazi Germany troops occupied the city of Kyiv, during which the Soviet Union conducted the controversial 1941 Khreshchatyk explosions. Withdrawing Soviet troops practiced the tactics of scorched earth and blew up all the Kyiv bridges over Dnieper as well as the main Khreshchatyk street and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. The destruction of the cathedral followed a pattern of Soviet disregard for cultural heritage, as they previously blew up the ancient St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery nearby in the 1930s. In 1928, the monastery was converted into an anti-religious museum park by the Soviet authorities and after their return no efforts were provided to restore the church. The temple was finally restored in 1995 after Ukraine obtained its independence and the construction was accomplished in two years. The new Dormition Church was consecrated in 2000. spreading awareness of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Library The notable library of the Lavra was burned during the reign of Peter the Great. On the night of April 21-22, 1718, Orthodox monks — tsarist agents — set fire to the premises of the Lavra, where its library and archive with unique documents and books from the historical past of Ukraine were located. In 1988, after the restoration of the monastery's activities, library work was resumed. The funds began to be replenished with those publications that the Lavra monks and parishioners managed to save. New books began to be purchased, and some of the books that began to be published by the Lavra printing house restored in 1995 were transferred to the library. Over 20 years of activity after the revival of the monastery, more than 10 thousand volumes were collected. In 2008, the library was moved to premises that allow the best placement and organization of library funds. Accounting and cataloging of the Lavra library funds were digitized. Necropolis There are over a hundred burials in the Lavra. Below are the most notable ones • Ilya Muromets – in the caves (c. 11th–12th century) • Nestor the Chronicler – in the Near Caves (c. 1114) • Saint Kuksha – in the Near Caves (c. 1114) • Alipy of the Caves – in the Near Caves (c. 1114) • Agapetus of Pechersk – in the Near Caves (c. 11th century) • Oleg son of Vladimir II Monomakh – in the Church of the Saviour at Berestove (c. 12th century) • Eufemia of Kyiv daughter of Vladimir II Monomakh – in the Church of the Saviour at Berestove (1139) • Yuri Dolgoruki – in the Church of the Saviour at Berestove (1157) • Vladimir Olgerdovich – Prince of Kyiv, son of the Lithuanian Grand Duke AlgirdasSkirgaila – regent Grand Duke of Lithuania (1397) • Feodor OstrogskiUliana Olshanska – a second wife of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas the Great (1448) • Švitrigaila – the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Grand Duke (1452) • Konstanty Ostrogski – near the Cathedral of the Dormition (1530) • Vasily Kochubey – near the Refectory Church (1708) • Ivan Iskra – near the Refectory Church (1708) • Pyotr Stolypin – near the Refectory Church (1911) • St. Spyridon – in the caves (c. 19th–20th century) • Pope Clement I – his head in the Far Caves (his remaining relics brought to San Clemente in Rome by Sts. Cyril and Methodius) During the Soviet era, the bodies of the saints that lay in the caves were left uncovered due to the regime's disregard for religion. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the bodies were covered with a cloth and to this day remain in the same state. File:Iliya Muromets Kiev.jpg|Imperishable relic of saint Ilya Muromets in Kyiv Pechersk Lavra File:Надгробок Костянтина Острозького.tif|Monument to Konstanty Ostrogski ==Museum==
Museum
The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra is one of the largest museums in Kyiv. The exposition is the actual ensemble of the Upper (Near Caves) and Lower (Far Caves) Lavra territories, which house many architectural relics of the past. The collection within the churches and caves includes articles of precious metal, prints, higher clergy portraits and rare church hierarchy photographs. The museum provides tours of the catacombs, which contain remains of Eastern Orthodox saints or their relics. The Caves are of geological interest because they are excavated into loess ground. They form one of the most extensive occurrences of loess caves in the world. The Lavra museums include: • Museum of Historical Treasures of UkraineMartynivka TreasureBook and print history museumMuseum of Ukrainian Folk ArtTheater and film arts museumState historical library == Images ==
Images
Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври DSC 4451.JPG Вид на Києво-Печерську Лавру.jpg Різдва Богородиці.Лавра.Київ2.jpg Лавра.jpg Cathedral of the Dormition - Kiev Pechersk Lavra (8601807770).jpg Успенський собор Лавра.jpg 80-382-9002 Комплекс Нижньої Лаври 2.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра, вид з мосту Патона.jpg Києво-Печерська лавра.Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври (Національний заповідник Києво-Печерська Лавра) Київ 01.jpg File:Kyiv_Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra_70.JPG File:2018 - Комплекс Києво-Печерської лаври.jpg File:St.Lavra.jpg File:Pecherska gora, lavra ta Dnipro.webm ==See also==
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