The Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century, with
Wehha listed as the first
king of the East Angles, followed by
Wuffa. Several of Rædwald's successors were killed in battle, such as
Sigeberht, under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop,
Felix of Burgundy, Christianity was firmly established. From the death of
Æthelberht II by the Mercians in 794 until 825, East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom, apart from a brief reassertion under
Eadwald in 796. It survived until 869, when the
Vikings defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king,
Edmund the Martyr, was killed. After 879, the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia. In 903 the exiled
Æthelwold induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin
Edward the Elder. By 918, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the Kingdom of England.
Settlement East Anglia was settled by the Anglo-Saxons earlier than many other regions, possibly at the start of the 5th century. It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the
Iceni and the
Roman civitas, with its centre at
Venta Icenorum, close to
Caistor St Edmund. The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the 4th century. Ken Dark writes that "in this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late 4th century, possibly including whole 'small towns' and villages. This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion." According to Bede, the East Angles (and the Middle Angles, Mercians and
Northumbrians) were descended from natives of
Angeln (now in modern Germany). The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704–713, in the Whitby
Life of St Gregory. While the
archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large-scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred, with a computer simulation showing that a migration of 250,000 people from Denmark to East Anglia could have been accomplished in 38 years with a reasonably small number of boats, it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self-identified as Angles. The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the
Heptarchy, a scheme used by
Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century. Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated.
Pagan rule The East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan
Wuffingas dynasty, apparently named after an early king Wuffa, although his name may be a back-creation from the name of the dynasty, which means "descendants of the wolf". An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede's
Ecclesiastical History of the English People,. but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns. Nothing is known of the earliest kings, or how the kingdom was organised, although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship-burials at
Snape and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk. The "North Folk" and "South Folk" may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings. The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Rædwald, "son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa", according to the
Ecclesiastical History. For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the
Humber. and the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies him as
Bretwalda. In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king
Æthelfrith at the
Battle of the River Idle and enthrone
Edwin of Northumbria. He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous
ship burial at Sutton Hoo. It has been suggested by Blair, on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at
Vendel in
Sweden, that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family. However, the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England, and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin.
Christianisation , according to Bartholomew's
A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)
Anglo-Saxon Christianity became established in the 7th century. The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East Anglian settlement named after the
old gods. In 604, Rædwald became the first East Anglian king to be baptised. He maintained a Christian altar, but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods. From 616, when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex, East Anglia until Rædwald's death was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom with a reigning baptised king. On his death in around 624, he was succeeded by his son
Eorpwald, who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin, but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan,
Ricberht. After three years of
apostasy, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in
Francia. Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc, probably
Dunwich. He later abdicated in favour of his brother
Ecgric and retired to a monastery.
Mercian aggression The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of
Penda of Mercia and successors. From the mid-7th to early 9th centuries Mercian power grew, until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber, including East Anglia and the south-east, came under Mercian hegemony. In the early 640s, Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht, who, having retired to religious life was later venerated as a saint. Both Ecgric's successor Anna and Anna's son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp, near
Blythburgh. Freed from Anna's challenge, Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians. In 655
Æthelhere of East Anglia joined Penda in a campaign against
Oswiu that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the
Battle of the Winwaed, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed. The last Wuffingas king was
Ælfwald, who died in 749. During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until, in 794,
Offa of Mercia had the East Anglian king Æthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself. A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king,
Coenwulf. East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by
Æthelstan in 825.
Beornwulf of Mercia's attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death, and his successor
Ludeca met the same end in 827. The East Angles appealed to
Egbert of Wessex for protection against the Mercians and Æthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord. Whilst Wessex took control of the south-eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century, East Anglia could retain its independence.
Viking attacks and eventual settlement In 865, East Anglia was invaded by the Danish
Great Heathen Army, which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for
Northumbria. The Danes returned in 869 to winter at
Thetford, before being attacked by the forces of Edmund of East Anglia, who was defeated and killed at
Hægelisdun and then buried at
Beodericsworth. Following his death Edmund became known as 'the Martyr' and venerated as patron saint and the town of
Bury St Edmunds was established there. From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom. Having defeated the East Angles, the Danes installed puppet-kings to govern on their behalf, while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex. In 878 the last active portion of the Great Heathen Army was defeated by
Alfred the Great and withdrew from Wessex after making peace and agreeing that the
Danes would treat the Christians equally. The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum acknowledged the latter's landholdings in East Anglia. In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under
Guthrum, who according to the medieval historian
Pauline Stafford, "swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings, including the minting of coins." Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and parts of
Bedfordshire and
Hertfordshire, Guthrum's kingdom probably included Essex, the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control. A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s. Under Scandinavian control, there are settlements in East Anglia which have names with
Old Norse elements, e.g. '-thorp', '-by'.
Absorption into the Kingdom of England In the early 10th century, the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward, King of Wessex. In 901, Edward's cousin Æthelwold
ætheling, having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne, arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria. He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward in Mercia and Wessex. This ended in disaster with the death of Æthelwold and of
Eohric of East Anglia in battle in December 902. From 911 to 917, Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber, establishing in Essex and Mercia
burhs, often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes. In 917, the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed. A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon, along with the rest of Essex: a Danish king, probably from East Anglia, was killed at
Tempsford. Despite reinforcement from overseas, the Danish counter-attacks were crushed, and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward's army advanced, the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated. East Anglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of England in 918. Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new
earldom of East Anglia in 1017, when
Thorkell the Tall was made earl by
Cnut the Great. The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics (Elmham and
Dunwich) replaced by a
single one at North Elmham. ==Old East Anglian==