Generational offshoots (cadet family lines) of the Royal House of Desmond received their own territories and titles – known as appanages of the royal house. Those MacCarthy Mór cadet branches which did not evolve to the MacCarthy Mór chief-of-the-name status, became chiefs-of-the-name of their own princely septs, i.e.
MacCarthy Reagh of
Carbery,
MacCarthy of Muskerry, and MacDonough MacCarthy of
Duhallow. Because of their location, it was the MacCarthys of Muskerry and Carbery who ended up fighting the majority of the battles against the
Normans – mainly the FitzGerald
Earls of Desmond – while defending and expanding the Gaelic realms. By the mid-sixteenth century, the main line of the MacCarthys Mor had largely withdrawn to Kerry, so any modern claims that they are still entitled to the nominal overlordship of Carbery and Muskerry might be rejected by any extant descendants of these branches.
Carbery One of three principalities within the original Kingdom of Desmond,
Carbery, under the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty founded by
Donal Gott MacCarthy in the mid-13th century, achieved independence from the overlordship of the MacCarthy Mórs of Desmond. Thus, the MacCarthy territories were actually over a fourth again greater outside of Desmond proper, due to the independent and considerable principality of Carbery, directly to the south/southeast of Desmond. Principal seats of the Lords/Princes of Carbery were at Kilbrittain Castle (near Kinsale in County Cork), as well as Timoleague Castle (west of Kinsale). Possession of the latter was frequently in dispute with the Norman family of Barry, who were also prominent in West Cork. Some of the more notable sub-lordships under the MacCarthy Reagh dynasty of Carbery included castles at Ballydehob, Benduff, Downeen, Kilcoe, and Kilgobbin, to name but a few.
Muskerry The
MacCarthys of Muskerry, on the other hand, derived more recently from the MacCarthys Mór, and so were (and still are) considered a sept of the main dynasty. This principality of the Kingdom of Desmond began in the 14th century as an appanage of King Cormac Mór MacCarthy Mór (d. 1359) for his second son, Dermod. At various times, because of their adeptness at playing the political game with England, the Lords/Princes of Muskerry also bore various British titles, such as
Earl of Clancarty,
Viscount Mountcashel, and Baron (Lord) of Blarney. From its rebuilding in the late 15th century by
Cormac Laidir MacCarthy,
Blarney Castle, near to
Cork city, was the principal seat of the MacCarthys of Muskerry. It was from alleged dialogue between Cormac Teige MacCarthy, the Lord of Blarney, and Queen Elizabeth I of England, that the term "blarney" was coined to mean "empty flattery" or "beguiling talk." It is also from Blarney Castle that the legend of "kissing the
Blarney Stone" derives. Among the numerous sub-infeudations/sub-lordships within the overlordship of the Princes of Muskerry, some of the major ones were: Ballea, Carrignamuck, Carrignavar, Castlecormac, Cloghroe, Cloghphillip, and Downyne.
Duhallow The third of the princely lines that began as appanages of the MacCarthy Mór dynasty was that of the MacCarthys of
Duhallow (), known as the MacDonough MacCarthys. The Duhallow sept began in the 13th century as an appanage from the then-King of Desmond, Cormac Fionn MacCarthy Mór (r. 1244–1248), to his son Diarmuid (Dermond). It was the Gaelic lordship(s) of Duhallow (and Coshmaing) that occupied the northern frontier of the MacCarthys of Desmond in their sometime struggles with the Norman family of the FitzGeralds, the Earls of Desmond. The principal seat of the Lords of Duhallow was at Kanturk. The family of the MacDonough MacCarthy Lords/Princes of Duhallow became extinct in the 18th century. As in the other princely appanages of Carbery and Muskerry, Duhallow held overlordship of a number of septs of both comital (
ard tiarna) rank – Clanawly, Clonmeen, and Dromagh – as well as baronial (
tiarna) rank – e.g., Cappagh, Dromiscane, Kanturk, Kilbolane, Knocktemple, and Lohort, among others.
Other septs Coshmaing The sept (clan) of
Sliocht Eoghan of Coshmaing ("beside the
River Maine") was established in the 14th century by King Cormac Mór MacCarthy Mór (d. 1359) for his third son, Eoghan, as an appanage of the royal house of Desmond. According to Butler, "Of the MacCarthy septs in the
Barony of Magunihy, by far the most (88 to 105 ploughlands) was the Sliocht Eoghain Mhoir of Cois Mainge…. The lands of this sept stretched along the whole northern frontier of
Magunihy from a point near
Castlemaine to the border of Cork." The head of Sliocht Eoghan of Coshmaing was styled as Lord (
Ard Tiarna) of Coshmaing (English:
Cosmaigne). The principal seat of the Coshmaing lordship was at
Molahiffe, with other castles (sub-lordships) at Fieries and Clonmeallane.
Non-MacCarthy septs Both inside and outside the territories of the Kingdom of Desmond in southwestern Ireland, there were many families other than the various septs of the MacCarthys. Most prominent of the Norman families in the area were the
FitzGeralds (
Earls of Desmond),
FitzMaurices,
Barrys,
Barretts, and
Roches. The chief non-MacCarthy Gaelic princes under the MacCarthy Mórs in Desmond were the
O'Sullivans. After them were the
O'Donoghues, and these two were the only septs who took part in the performance of the MacCarthy inauguration ceremonies – i.e., the bestowal of the
White Wand. Also prominent were the
O'Callaghans,
O'Keeffes,
McAuliffes,
O'Sheas, [O'Fearris, /O'Fearguis] and others. Within Carbery, aside from the MacCarthy Reaghs, the most prominent Gaelic families were the princely sept of the
O'Donovans, the
O'Mahonys,
O'Driscolls,
O'Dalys, and
O'Crowleys. Within Muskerry, prominent non-MacCarthy Gaelic families included the
MacSweeneys,
O'Learys,
O'Spaelains,
O'Healys, and
O'Riordans. ==See also==