European discovery (1741) In 1741 while returning from his second voyage at sea during the
Great Northern Expedition, Danish-born Russian
explorer Vitus Bering made the first European discovery of most of the Aleutian Islands, including Kiska.
Georg Wilhelm Steller, a
naturalist-
physician aboard Bering's ship, wrote: On 25 October 1741 we had very clear weather and sunshine, but even so it hailed at various times in the afternoon. We were surprised in the morning to discover a large tall island at 51° to the north of us. Prior to European contact, Kiska Island had been densely populated by native peoples for thousands of years.
After discovery (1741–1939) Kiska, and the other Rat Islands, were reached by independent Russian traders in the 1750s. After the initial exploitation of the
sea otter population, Russians rarely visited the island as interest shifted further east. Years would frequently pass without a single ship landing. Starting in 1775, Kiska, the Aleutian Islands, and mainland Alaska became
fur trading outposts for the
Russian-American Company managed by
Grigory Shelekhov. In 1867,
U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the
purchase of Alaska with the
Russian Empire. Kiska was included in the purchase.
World War II (1939–1945) The Japanese No. 3 Special Landing Party and 500 marines went ashore at Kiska on June 6, 1942, as a separate campaign concurrent with the Japanese plan for the
Battle of Midway. The Japanese captured the sole inhabitants of the island: a small
United States Navy Weather Detachment consisting of ten men, including a lieutenant, along with their dog. (One member of the detachment escaped for 50 days. Starving, thin, and extremely cold, he eventually surrendered to the Japanese.) The next day the Japanese captured
Attu Island. The military importance of this frozen, difficult-to-supply island was questionable, but the psychological impact upon the Americans of losing U.S. soil to a foreign enemy for the first time since the
War of 1812 was tangible. During the winter of 1942–43, the Japanese reinforced and fortified the islands—not necessarily to prepare for an
island-hopping operation across the Aleutians, but to prevent a U.S. operation across the
Kuril Islands. The U.S. Navy began operations to deny Kiska supply which would lead to the
Battle of the Komandorski Islands. During October 1942, American forces undertook seven bombing missions over Kiska, though two were aborted due to weather. Following the winter, Attu was recaptured, and bombing of Kiska resumed until a larger American force was allocated to defeat the expected Japanese garrison of 5,200 men. The Japanese, aware of the loss of Attu and the impending arrival of the larger Allied force, withdrew their troops on July 28 under the cover of fog, without being detected by the Allies. On August 15, 1943, an invasion force consisting of 34,426 Allied troops, including elements of the US
7th Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Regiment,
87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, 5,300 Canadians (mainly the 13th Infantry Brigade from the
6th Canadian Infantry Division), with supporting units including two artillery units from the US 7th Infantry Division, 95 ships including three battleships and a heavy cruiser and 168 aircraft landed on Kiska in
Operation Cottage, only to find the island abandoned. Despite the lack of Japanese presence, Allied casualties during this invasion nevertheless numbered close to 200, either from bad weather, Japanese
booby traps or
friendly fire. As a result of the brief "friendly fire" engagement between U.S. and Canadian forces, 28 Americans and four Canadians were killed. There were an additional 130 casualties from
trench foot. The destroyer hit a mine, resulting in 87 casualties. That night the
Imperial Japanese Navy warships, thinking they were engaged by Americans, shelled and attempted to torpedo the island of Little Kiska where the Japanese soldiers were waiting to embark. Admiral
Ernest King reported to the secretary of the Navy,
Frank Knox, that the only things that remained on the island were dogs and freshly brewed
coffee. Knox asked for an explanation and King responded, "The Japanese are very clever. Their dogs can brew coffee".
Since World War II In 1985 the
Japanese occupation site on the island was designated a
National Historic Landmark and part of
Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument. The island is also a part of the
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR) and contains the largest
colony of
least auklets (over 1,160,000 birds) and
crested auklets. Research
biologists from
Memorial University of Newfoundland have been studying the impact of introduced
Norway rats on the
seabirds of Kiska since 2001. Much of the aftermath of World War II is still evident in Kiska. The slow
erosion processes on the
tundra have had little effect on the bomb craters still visible both from the ground and in satellite images on the hills surrounding the harbor. Numerous equipment dumps, tunnels (some concrete-lined), Japanese gun emplacements,
shipwrecks, and other war relics can be found, all untouched since 1943. In 1983, a memorial plaque was placed on Kiska by the
87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, inscribed: To the men of Amphibious Task Force 9 who fell here August 1943 placed here August 1983 by 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment. In September 1989,
divers from the
United States Navy rescue and salvage ship surveyed the wreck of the
Imperial Japanese Navy submarine , which sank in the harbor at Kiska with the loss of 19 lives on November 3, 1942. On August 22, 2007, the submarine , which disappeared with a crew of 70 during World War II, was found in of water off Kiska. There were no alterations to the landscape since World War II including the traces of the war. Unexploded ammunition is scattered throughout the landscape. The fictionalized version of the island is relocated closer to Russia and China, but the island's topography is replicated almost exactly. == Kiska Volcano ==