Ottoman period Prior to
World War I, the area was mainly populated by
Kurdish tribes, many but not all of which were part of the
Milli confederation. These tribes had progressively migrated in from the north during the 19th century, pushing back the
Bedouin Arab tribes which had previously occupied the area. Local Kurds living in the plains to the east of the modern town reportedly provided lodgings at their encampment for a French-led archaeological team on its way to survey the nearby ancient
Assyrian site of
Arslan Tashî () in the summer of 1883. In 1892, there were three homesteads situated in the area. During the construction of the
Baghdad Railway (launched by the
Ottoman Empire to connect
Baghdad with
Berlin), Kurdish raiders from the Busrawi and Shahin Bey clans—rivals who lived south and east of today's Kobani - reportedly harassed work crews attempting to mine
basalt from the nearby hills, partially because the German companies responsible for its construction were lax in providing payment and compensation to local landowners. The newly built town began to form south of a simple train station built in 1912 along the railway by workers from the nearby town of Suruç. The town was also home to a small
Syriac Orthodox community, but their numbers dwindled and the town's only Syriac Orthodox church was demolished in the early 1960s. The city's infrastructural layout was largely planned and constructed by French authorities during the
Mandatory period, and a number of French-built buildings were still standing and in use until recently. However, there was limited traffic at the Kobani-Mürşitpinar gate and passengers from Kobani often crossed through it to travel by train to Aleppo. By 2011, as a result of the
Syrian Civil War, traffic through this gate increased. Wounded and sick people could cross to the Turkish side while trucks carrying goods crossed into Kobani from
Mürşitpınar.
Syria pre-autonomy ,
Kobani was the administrative center of
Nahiya Ayn al-Arab and
Ayn al-Arab District.|alt=When Syria gained independence from France in 1946, the intelligence building served as the political office of the Kobani area's highest-ranking local administrator. Kobani started to develop as a city in the 1950s when it was further separated from Suruç as a result of the Turkish government mining of the border area.
Syrian Civil War Siege by ISIL The
People's Protection Units (YPG) took control of Kobani on 19 July 2012. The Syrian authorities in Kobani and other Kurdish towns evacuated the government offices and centers without any fighting taking place between the Syrian and Kurdish forces. Since July 2012, Kobani has been under Kurdish control. The YPG and Kurdish politicians anticipated autonomy for the area, which they consider part of
Rojava. After similar less intense events earlier in 2014, on 2 July the town and surrounding villages came under a massive attack from fighters of the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. On 16 September, ISIL resumed its siege of Kobani with a full-scale assault from the west and the south of the city. Kobani Canton had been under attack by ISIL militants for several months. In September 2014, militants occupied most of the Kobani region, seizing more than 100
Kurdish villages. As a consequence of the ISIL occupation, up to 200,000 Kurdish refugees fled from Kobani Canton to Turkey. In captured villages, militants committed
massacres and
kidnapped women. About 150 Kurdish troops were admitted on 29 October, which then began to turn the tide of the siege in favor of the Kurds. The
YPG forced
ISIL to retreat from Kobani on 26 January 2015, Following the victory the city received the nickname "Kurdish
Stalingrad".
Reaction The humanitarian response to the people from Kobani who were displaced to Suruc, Turkey, was highly polarized, with actors associated with the Turkish state on the one hand, and the pro-Kurdish movement on the other. In September 2014,
Defend International launched a worldwide campaign aimed at, among other things, raising awareness about Kobani and the brutal attacks its residents were subjected to, and building connections between potential partners and communities whose work is relevant to the campaign, including individuals, groups, communities, and NGOs. In October 2014,
Widad Akrawi, President of Defend International, dedicated her
2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award to, among others, all residents of Kobane because, she said, facts on the ground demonstrate that these peaceful people are not safe in their enclaves, partly because of their ethnic origin and/or religion, and they are therefore in urgent need for immediate attention from the global community. She asked the international community to make sure that the victims are not forgotten; they should be rescued, protected, fully assisted and compensated fairly. On 4 November 2014, Akrawi said that "a massacre can be avoided, if there is a well-organized and well-defined plan on how to deal with IS – a plan that sets out the strategic and tactical activities to be undertaken at the international, regional and local levels," adding that journalists, humanitarian- and human rights organizations are not allowed to pass through Turkish checkpoints near the border.
June 2015 massacre On 25 June 2015, fighters from the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant detonated three
car bombs in Kobani, close to the Turkish border crossing and launched a surprise assault on the town. At least 220 Kurdish civilians were massacred in mass killings by ISIL fighters or were killed by the group's rockets. Many more were wounded by the attack, making it one of the worst massacres carried out by ISIL in Syria. In another report
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and spokesman for the Kurdish
People's Protection Units said that more than 200 Kurdish civilians were massacred. Women and children were among the bodies found inside houses and on the streets of Kobani and its surrounding villages. The
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that ISIL fired at anything that moved. Islamic State also committed a massacre in the village of Barkh Butan, about 20 kilometers south of Kobani, executing at least 23 Syrian Kurds, among them women and children. Kurdish forces and the Syrian government claimed the vehicles had entered the city from across the border, an action denied by Turkey.
Reconstruction and development After the ISIL siege was broken in early 2015, the Kobane Reconstruction Board asked for international assistance. According to a spokesman for the Syrian Kurds who control the town, Kobani had been 70% destroyed. There have been several attempts to support Kobani, especially from the Kurdish communities in Turkey and Iraq. Assistance was also offered by several European organizations. As of May 2015, Turkey has kept the border closed but allowed some materials to reach the city. The international community, including the US, has not shown interest in rebuilding the town, nor have they pressured Turkey on the matter. By May 2015 more than 50,000 people had returned to the destroyed town. In May the Kobani authorities, with the help of the municipality of
Diyarbakır, managed to restore the water pump and supply for the urban area after 8 months without running water, repairing the pipelines and cleaning the main water tank. By May 2016, despite the challenges of the blockade by Turkey, reconstruction and return of inhabitants was well on the way. In September 2016,
Kurdish Red Crescent opened a hospital in the city under the name of "Kobani Hospital", their first hospital in
Kobani Canton, after several international organizations like
UNICEF and
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) had been sending them special medical equipment. It was established in a hospital formerly owned by Dr. Ezzat Afandi, an Austrian citizen. In an October 2016 report from the city of Kobani, U.S. academic Si Sheppard observed: "Since the siege of Kobani ended, reconstruction has barely begun to compensate for the havoc wrought on the city by both ISIS artillery and coalition airstrikes (...). Herculean efforts have cleared the streets, but water and power have yet to be restored. Although commerce is trickling back to life (...), more than half of the residential structures still standing are little more than blown out concrete shells. Yet the spirit of the people endures: Some now use defused ISIS rounds as ashtrays and flower pots." By 2019, atrocities by ISIL have driven many families of Kobani to convert to
Christianity, while others chose to become atheists and agnostics. Over the years various projects were undertaken by the
Autonomous Administration's Economic Authority and the
Kongreya Star to revitalize life, economic development and woman's empowerment in the city. These projects include Vîna Jin (
lit. Women's Will), which offers job opportunities for
illiterate women, Khairat Al-Furat Factory, which manufactures jam, molasses, tomatoes, peppers and spices, the Young Women's Agriculture Co-op and many more sewing workshops, bakeries, beauty and hair salons.
Entry of Syrian and Russian forces Following the start of the
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, which put the city's administration under existential threat, the
Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) reached a deal with the
Ba'athist Syrian government in which the latter would deploy limited parts of the
Syrian Army, backed by
Russian Military Police, to the town to prevent it from coming under Turkish attack. Pro-government forces entered the town by mid October 2019 and Syrian State Media circulated images of Syrian troops raising the Syrian flag in the town. Following the acceptance of the
Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Agreement, Kurdish military forces were mandated to withdraw from the town. Nevertheless, the
Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria was reported to still be in
de facto civil control of the town, while Syrian and Russian forces took up positions along the border areas and began military patrols along the city's streets. Turkish attacks on the region prompted the construction of defensive fortifications like
tunnel networks and metal sheeting, which covers popular shopping streets from
drone attacks. A report by
The Guardian revealed that the tunnels are on average 30 meters deep and equipped with surveillance cameras, air vents and plasma screens. On 16 April 2021, an airstrike by the
Turkish Air Force targeted the house where
Abdullah Öcalan had lived during his stay in the city in 1979. The strike only caused material damage.
Post-Assad era In December 2024, after the
fall of the Assad regime and the
2024 Manbij offensive, Turkish-backed
SNA fighters launched an
offensive on Kobani with the intent of capturing the city. The attack was briefly paused by a US-brokered ceasefire, which ultimately collapsed and was later countered by the SDF's
2024 East Aleppo Offensive that kept the SNA west of the
Euphrates as of March 2025. In February 2026,
Syrian Ministry of Interior began integrating Kobani's
Asayish under a move tied to its
January 2026 agreement with the SDF. The Internal Security Command in Aleppo Governorate took control of the Internal Security Directorate building in Kobani, and began operations. On 9 April 2026,
Aleppo Governorate governor
Azzam al-Gharib appointed Almaz Rumi as mayor of Kobani in the context of the January integration agreement. == Geography ==