Kohistani languages

The term Kohistani is a Persian-derived term meaning "of the mountains." Historically, it was used by outsiders, particularly during the Mughal period and after 16th-century Pashtun expansions, to refer broadly to populations inhabiting mountainous regions of what is now northern Pakistan and adjoining areas. == Development ==

Linguistic evidence link the Kohistani languages with the Gandhari language, and were once more widespread in the region. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in a few villages in the vicinity of Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridi Pashtuns in the 19th century. Georg Morgenstierne claimed that Tirahi is "probably the remnant of a dialect group extending from Tirah through the Peshawar district into Swat and Dir." Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and the region is now dominated by Iranian languages brought in by later immigrations, such as Pashto. == Classification ==

In linguistic scholarship, Kohistani languages refers to a subgroup of closely related Indo-Aryan languages such as Indus Kohistani, Bateri, Chilisso, Gawri, Gawro, Torwali, Mankiyali, Wotapuri-Katarqalai, and Tirahi. These languages are mutually unintelligible, and speakers typically resort to a third language, most commonly Pashto or Urdu, for intergroup communication. However, in official Pakistani usage, the designation Kohistani has often been applied ambiguously and inconsistently. In provincial legislation and education policy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa since 2011, as well as in the 2023 Pakistani census, Kohistani has been used to refer specifically to Indus Kohistani, spoken in Indus Kohistan. Other languages commonly identified by their speakers as Kohistani in a geographic or social sense, such as Torwali, Gawri, and Kohistani Shina (a Shina dialect), were not separately enumerated and were often recorded either under Kohistani or under "Other." == References ==