Stephanidae

Stephanids are noted for their ocellar corona, a semicircular to circular set of projections around the middle ocellus, forming a "crown" on the head. Only stephanids and the similarly old Hymenoptera family Orussidae have ocellar coronae, and it is uncertain if they developed the structure separately or if a common ancestor of both developed it and it was then lost in all but the two families. Weakly developed grooves starting at the base of the antennae and extending past the eyes to the back of the head capsule are present. This feature is seen more developed in hymenopteran families in which the adults emerge from pupal chambers in wood. All genera of Stephanidae have a pronotum that is modified to some extent. They bear highly modified hind legs, with a swollen hind femur that has large teeth on the underside, and the tibiae have a tip end that widens distinctly. The largest species, reaching up to in length, are found in the genus Megischus. ==Biology==

Stephanids are noted as parasitoids of xylophagous beetle larvae, with a majority of the stephanids hosts coming from the families Cerambycidae and Buprestidae, though some Curculionidae and occasional hymenopteran hosts are taken. One species, Schlettererius cinctipes, is a known parasitoid of horntail wasps and has been introduced to Tasmania as a biological pest control agent. ==Taxonomy and fossil record==

The family is noted to be the most basal group of hymenopterans in the suborder Apocrita. They are the only living group left over from the early diversification of Apocrita. In general, the family is considered rare, with close to 95% of the species known to have been described from single specimens. Until the early 1800s, members of Stephanidae were grouped into the parasitic wasp superfamily Ichneumonoidea based on the superficial resemblance between some members of the two groups. William Elford Leach suggested a new family grouping for the stephanids in the 1815 edition of Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Other early member of the family is the monotypic genus Archaeostephanus, which is known from a single species Archaeostephanus corae found in the late Cretaceous New Jersey amber and first described in 2004. The first species to be described from the fossil record was Protostephanus ashmeadi, which was first published in 1906 by paleoentomologist Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell. The specimen is also the youngest fossil found, dating from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation. All other extinct species in the family are known from fossils preserved in Baltic amber. Based on the fossil record of the family, Li et al. (2017) infer that the family originated during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous. Taxonomy of the family as outlined by Michael S. Engel and Jaime Ortega-Blanco in 2011: '' Neotype male Subfamilies and Tribes • Subfamily Schlettereriinae Orfila • Tribe †Phoriostephanini Engel & Huang • Genus †Phoriostephanus Engel & Huang Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) • Tribe Schlettereriini Orfila • Genus †Archaeostephanus Engel & Grimaldi New Jersey amber, Late Cretaceous (Turonian) • Genus †Kronostephanus Engel & Grimaldi Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) • Genus Schlettererius Ashmead • Subfamily †Electrostephaninae Engel • Genus †Electrostephanus Brues Baltic amber, Eocene • Subgenus †Electrostephanodes Engel & Ortega-Blanco • Subgenus †Electrostephanus Brues • Subfamily Stephaninae Leach • Tribe incertae sedis • Genus †Protostephanus Cockerell Baltic amber, Eocene • Genus †Denaeostephanus Engel & Grimaldi Baltic amber, Eocene • Genus †Lagenostephanus Li et al. Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) • Tribe Stephanini Leach • Genus Stephanus Jurine • Tribe Megischini Engel & Grimaldi • Genus Hemistephanus Enderlein • Genus Megischus Brullé • Genus Pseudomegischus Achterberg • Subgenus Pseudomegischus Achterberg • Subgenus Callomegischus Achterberg • Tribe Foenatopodini Enderlein • Subtribe Madegafoenina Engel & Grimaldi • Genus Madegafoenus Benoit • Genus Afromegischus Achterberg • Subtribe Foenatopodina Enderlein • Genus Parastephanellus Enderlein • Genus Comnatopus Achterberg • Genus Profoenatopus Achterberg • Genus Foenatopus Smith ==References==