Ktiv hasar niqqud

From a Hebrew translation of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer): } (not ), and the letter is (not ) if at all; i.e., often neither nor is pronounced. The consonants and are pronounced daily only dialectally; sometimes however they are also pronounced in festive or theatrical contexts: in poetry readings, where a more distinct articulation than usual of the as would be common; thus the proposed transcription could be representative of a literary reading of this text, not representative of everyday Israeli speech. Similarly, the consonantal in the dual forms and is distinctly pronounced only dialectically or in festive or theatrical contexts and is otherwise not pronounced, resulting in the hiatus . ==Historical examination==

Ktiv haser Ktiv haser () is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words and written in ktiv haser are and . In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word to know the correct reading. A typical example of a Hebrew text written in ktiv haser is the Torah, read in synagogues (simply called the Torah reading). For assistance, readers often use a Tikkun, a book where the text of the Torah appears in two side-by-side versions, one identical to the text which appears in the Torah, and one with niqqud and cantillation. Ktiv male Due to the difficulty of reading unvowelled text, the Va'ad ha-lashon introduced the Rules for the Spelling-Without-Niqqud (), which in reality dictates ktiv male. This system mostly involved the addition of and to mark the different vowels. Later on, these rules were adopted by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, which continued to revise them, and they were mostly accepted by the public, mainly for official writing. Ktiv haser became obsolete in Modern Hebrew, and ktiv male has already been dominant for decades in unvowelled texts: all of the newspapers and books published in Hebrew are written in ktiv male. Additionally, it is common for children's books or texts for those with special needs to contain niqqud, but ktiv haser without niqqud is rare. Despite the Academy's standardization of the rules for ktiv male, there is a substantial absence of unity in writing, partly because of a lack of grammatical knowledge, partly because of the historical layers of the language, and partly because of a number of linguistic categories in which the Academy's decisions are not popular. As a result, book publishers and newspaper editors make their own judgments. ==Rules for spelling without niqqud==

As is the norm for linguistic rules, the rules for spelling without niqqud are not entirely static. Changes occur from time to time, based on amassed experience. For example, originally the rules for spelling without niqqud dictated that isha ("woman") should be written without a yod (to distinguish it from ishah – "her husband"), but currently the exception has been removed, and now, the Academy prefers . The last substantial change to the rules for spelling without niqqud was made in 1993 updated in 1996. The following is the summary of the current rules: • Every letter that appears in vowelled text also appears in unvowelled text. • After a letter vowelled with a kubuts (the vowel /u/), the letter waw appears: , , (kufsa, hupal, kulam). • After a letter vowelled with a holam haser (the vowel /o/) the letter waw appears: , (boker, yishmor). • After a letter vowelled with a hirik haser (the vowel /i/) the letter yod appears: , , (dibur, yishuv, ''ta'asiya''). The letter yod does not appear in the following situations: • Before a shva nah, for example: , , (hirgish, minhag, dimyon); • Words whose base forms do not contain the vowel /i/: , , (livi, itkha/itakh, itim), which are inflected forms of , , ; (lev, et, et), respectively • After affix letters, like in , (mi-beto, mi-yad), and also in the words: im, hine • Before (/ju/ or /jo/): , , , (diyun, kiyum, briyot, netiyot). • After a letter vowelled with a tsere (the vowel /e/) the letter yod generally does not appear: (=), (=) (memad, ezor), but there are situations when yod does appear: , (teva, heseg) and in words in which tsere replaces hirik because of the presence of a guttural letter (): , (''te'avon, teaved''). • Consonantal vav (the consonant /v/) is doubled in the middle of a word: , (tikva, zavit). The letter is not doubled at the beginning or the end of a word: , , (varod, vatik, tzav). Initial vav is doubled when an affix letter is added except for the affix (meaning "and-"). Thus from the word varod one has ha-varod but u-varod. • Consonantal yod (the consonant /j/) is doubled in the middle of a word, for example: , (binyan, hayta). The letter is not doubled at the beginning of a word or after affix letters: , , (yeled, yatza, ha-yeled). Still, consonantal yod is not doubled in the middle of a word where it appears before or after a mater lectionis: , , , , (proyekt, mesuyam, ''re'aya, hafnaya/hapniya, be'aya''). These are the most basic rules. Each one has exceptions which are described in the handbook "" (spelling rules without niqqud) that the Academy publishes in Hebrew. Notes • When a reader is likely to err in the reading of a word, the use of partial vowelling is recommended: minhal (to distinguish it from menahel). • While the rules above apply to the writing of native Hebrew words, they are not used for spelling given names, which are frequently written in ktiv haser rather than ktiv male: , , (Shlomo, ''Ya'akov, Kohen''). ==See also==