Polish alphabet

There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants. , , and are not used in any native Polish words and are mostly found in foreign words (such as place names) and commercial names. In loanwords they are usually replaced by , , and , respectively (as in 'niqab', 'quark', 'veranda', 'savanna', 'extra', 'oxymoron'), although some loanwords retain their original spelling (e.g., , ), and in a few cases both spellings are accepted (such as or , or ). In addition, they can occasionally be found in common abbreviations (e.g., 'priest' can be abbreviated as either or ). As a result, they are sometimes included in the Polish alphabet (bringing the total number of letters in the alphabet to 35); when included, they take their usual positions from the Latin alphabet ( after ; and either side of ). The following table lists the letters of the alphabet, their Polish names (see also Names of letters below), the Polish spelling alphabet name, the Polish phonemes which they usually represent (and rough equivalents for them), other possible pronunciations, and letter frequencies. Diacritics are shown for the sake of clarity. For more information about the sounds, see Polish phonology. : For English speakers who end the word with a nasal vowel and not a consonant. : Sequences may be pronounced as geminates . : is sometimes transcribed phonetically as , though it is phonetically . was historically used in native words prior to the 1891 spelling reform by the Academy of Learning, e.g., , (now 'four', 'pope'). Now it is used in some loanwords, e.g., , , . For digraphs and other rules about spelling and the corresponding pronunciations, see Polish orthography. == Names of letters ==

The spoken Polish names of the letters are given in the table under Letters above. The names of the letters are not normally written out in the way shown above, except as part of certain lexicalized abbreviations, such as Pekao (or PeKaO), the name of a bank, which represents the spoken form of the abbreviation P.K.O. (for ). Some letters may be referred to in alternative ways, often consisting of just the sound of the letter. For example, may be called as it is pronounced: rather than (from 'Greek i'). When giving the spelling of words, certain letters may be said in more emphatic ways to distinguish them from other identically pronounced characters. For example, may be referred to as ('h alone') to distinguish it from (). may be called or ('z with an overdot') to distinguish it from (). may be called ('open u', a reference to its graphical form) or ('normal u') to distinguish it from , which is sometimes called ('closed u') or , , ('dashed ó', 'dashed o', 'o with a dash'). ==Alphabetical order==

Polish alphabetical ordering uses the order of letters as in the table under Letters above. Note that (unlike in languages such as French, Spanish, and German) Polish letters with diacritics are treated as fully independent letters in alphabetical ordering. For example, comes after . The accented letters also have their own sections in dictionaries (words beginning with are not usually listed under ). Digraphs are not given any special treatment in alphabetical ordering. For example, is treated simply as followed by and not as a single letter as in Czech. ==Computer encoding==

There are several systems for encoding the Polish alphabet for computers. All letters of the Polish alphabet are included in Unicode (blocks Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement and Latin Extended-A), and thus Unicode-based encodings such as UTF-8 and UTF-16 can be used. The Polish alphabet is completely included in the Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode. The standard 8-bit character encoding for the Polish alphabet is ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2), although both ISO 8859-13 (Latin-7) and ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10) encodings include glyphs of the Polish alphabet. Microsoft's format for encoding the Polish alphabet is Windows-1250. The Polish letters which are not present in the English alphabet have the following HTML codes and Unicode codepoints: For other encodings, see Polish code pages, but also Combining Diacritical Marks Unicode block. A common test sentence containing all the Polish diacritic letters is the nonsensical ('Yellow the ego with/of a gusle'). ==See also==