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Morane-Saulnier L

The Morane-Saulnier L, or Morane-Saulnier Type L, or officially MoS-3, was a French parasol wing one or two-seat scout aeroplane of the First World War. The Type L became one of the first successful fighter aircraft when it was fitted with a single machine gun that fired through the arc of the propeller, which was protected by armoured deflector wedges. Its immediate effectiveness in this role launched an arms race in fighter development, and the Type L was swiftly rendered obsolete. The original Type L used wing warping for lateral control, but a later version designated Type LA was fitted with ailerons.

Operational history
In December 1914 the famous French aviator Roland Garros, then serving with Escadrille 23, worked with Raymond Saulnier to create a gun synchronizer, using the gas operated Hotchkiss light machine gun. However the firing rate fluctuated too much for the synchronizer to function properly. As an interim measure, they then designed a "safety backup" in the form of braced "deflectors" (metal wedges) fitted to the rear surfaces of the propeller blades at the points where they could be struck by a bullet. with a further 25 being operated by the Royal Naval Air Service. On 7 June 1915 one of these aircraft, flown by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Reginald Alexander John Warneford of 1 Squadron RNAS intercepted the Deutsches Heer-flown Zeppelin LZ.37, destroying it, the first Zeppelin to be destroyed in the air. Warneford received the Victoria Cross for this achievement. Cecil Lewis served with the RFC's Squadron Number 3 in 1916 through the Somme offensive. He flew the Type LA "Parasol" (as it was known) operationally, for over three hundred hours and was awarded the Military Cross. Most of that flying was conducted on a single airframe, RFC serial 5133. In his book "Sagittarius Rising" he recalled of the LA: :"I had a look over her, and the more I saw of her the less I liked her. It was certainly not love at first sight . . . the elevator was as sensitive as a gold balance; the least movement stood you on your head or on your tail. You couldn't leave the machine to its own devices for a moment . . . the Morane really was a death trap . . . Subsequently I flew every machine used by the Air Force during the war. They were all child's play after the Morane . . . but I did come to love the Morane as I loved no other aeroplane." A Morane-Saulnier "Parasol" was used for the first flight by an airplane across the Andes on April 13, 1918, when the Argentine aviator Luis Candelaria flew from Zapala, Argentina, to Cunco, Chile; the flight lasted 2 hours 30 minutes and reached an altitude of 4,000 meters. ==Variants==
Variants
L company designation for basic model • MoS-3 official government/STAe designation for L • LA company designation for improved L with faired fuselage and ailerons • MoS-4 official government/STAe designation for LA • LH fighter developed from LA • MoS-20 official government/STAe designation for LH • Pfalz A.I with Oberursel U.0 engine • Pfalz A.II with Oberursel U.I engine • Pfalz E.III - A Pfalz A.II armed with single synchronised lMG 08 machine gunThulin D modified L built under licence in Sweden. ==Operators==
Operators
; • Argentine Air Force - one aircraft ; • Belgian Air Force ; • Brazilian Army Aviation ; • Czechoslovak Air Force - one aircraft ; • Finnish Air Force - two aircraft ; • French Air Force ; • Royal Netherlands Air Force - one aircraft ; • Peruvian Air Force ; • Polish Air Force ; • Romanian Air Corps ; • Imperial Russian Air Service ; • Swedish Air Force - one aircraft ; • Swiss Air Force - one aircraft ; • Ottoman Air Force - original and Pfalz A.II aircraft ; • Ukrainian Air Force - three aircraft ; • Soviet Air Force - ex-Imperial Russian Air Service aircraft ; • Royal Flying CorpsNo. 1 Squadron RFCNo. 3 Squadron RFCNo. 30 Squadron RFCRoyal Naval Air Service ==Specifications (Type L)==
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