. The reaction in Paris to Louis Philippe's involvement in Dumouriez's treason inevitably resulted in misfortunes for the Orléans family. Philippe Égalité spoke in the
National Convention, condemning his son for his actions, asserting that he would not spare his son, much akin to the Roman consul
Brutus and his sons. However, letters from Louis Philippe to his father were discovered in transit and were read out to the Convention. Philippe Égalité was then put under continuous surveillance. Shortly thereafter, the
Girondists moved to arrest him and the two younger brothers of Louis Philippe,
Louis-Charles and
Antoine Philippe; the latter had been serving in the
Army of Italy. The three were interned in
Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille). Meanwhile, Louis Philippe was forced to live in the shadows, avoiding both pro-Republican revolutionaries and
Legitimist French
émigré centres in various parts of Europe and also in the Austrian army. He first moved to
Switzerland under an assumed name, and met up with the Countess of Genlis and his sister
Adélaïde at
Schaffhausen. From there they went to
Zürich, where the Swiss authorities decreed that to protect Swiss neutrality, Louis Philippe would have to leave the city. They went to
Zug, where Louis Philippe was discovered by a group of
émigrés. It became quite apparent that for the women to settle peacefully anywhere, they would have to separate from Louis Philippe. He then left with his faithful valet Baudouin for the heights of the
Alps, and then to
Basel, where he sold all but one of his horses. Now moving from town to town throughout Switzerland, he and Baudouin found themselves very much exposed to all the distresses of extended travelling. They were refused entry to a monastery by monks who believed them to be young vagabonds. Another time, he woke up after spending a night in a barn to find himself at the far end of a musket, confronted by a man attempting to keep away thieves. Throughout this period, Louis Philippe never stayed in one place more than 48 hours. Finally, in October 1793, Louis Philippe was appointed a teacher of geography, history, mathematics and modern languages, at a boys' boarding school. The school, owned by a Monsieur Jost, was in
Reichenau, a village on the upper Rhine in the then independent
Grisons league state, now part of Switzerland. His salary was 1,400 francs and he taught under the name
Monsieur Chabos. He had been at the school for a month when he heard the news from Paris: his father had been
guillotined on 6 November 1793 after a trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Travel After Louis Philippe left Reichenau, he separated the now 16-year-old Adélaïde from the Countess of Genlis, who had fallen out with Louis Philippe. Adélaïde went to live with her great-aunt the
Princess of Conti at
Fribourg, then to
Bavaria and
Hungary and, finally, to her mother, who was exiled in Spain. Louis Philippe travelled extensively. He visited Scandinavia in 1795 and then moved on to Finland. For about a year he stayed in
Muonio, a remote village in the valley of the
Tornio river in
Lapland. He lived in the
rectory under the name Müller, as a guest of the local
Lutheran vicar. While visiting Muonio, he supposedly fathered a child with Beata Caisa Wahlborn (1766–1830) called Erik Kolstrøm (1796–1879). Louis Philippe visited the
United States ( to 1798), staying in
Philadelphia (where his brothers
Antoine and
Louis Charles were in exile),
New York City (where he most likely stayed at the
Somerindyck family estate on Broadway north of modern 75th Street with other exiled princes), and
Boston. In Boston, he taught French for a time and lived in lodgings over what is now the
Union Oyster House, Boston's oldest restaurant. During his time in the United States, Louis Philippe met with American politicians and people of high society, including
George Clinton,
John Jay,
Alexander Hamilton, and
George Washington. Louis Philippe's visit to
Cape Cod in 1797 coincided with the division of the town of Eastham into two towns, one of which took the name of Orleans, possibly in his honour. During their sojourn, the Orléans princes travelled throughout the country, as far south as
Nashville and as far north as
Maine. The brothers were even held in Philadelphia briefly during an outbreak of
yellow fever. Louis Philippe is also thought to have met Isaac Snow of
Orleans, Massachusetts, who had escaped to France from a British
prison hulk during the
American Revolutionary War. In 1839, while reflecting on his visit to the United States, Louis Philippe explained in a letter to
François Guizot that his three years there had a large influence on his political beliefs and judgments when he became king. In Boston, Louis Philippe learned of the
coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797) and of the exile of his mother to Spain. He and his brothers then decided to return to Europe. They went to
New Orleans, planning to sail to
Havana and thence to Spain. This, however, was a troubled journey, as Spain and
Great Britain were then
at war. While in
colonial Louisiana in 1798, they were entertained by
Julien Poydras in the town of
Pointe Coupée, as well as by the
Marigny de Mandeville family in New Orleans. The three brothers sailed for Havana in an American
corvette, but a British warship intercepted their ship in the
Gulf of Mexico. The British seized the brothers, but took them to Havana anyway. Unable to find passage to Europe, the brothers spent a year in Cuba (from spring 1798 to autumn 1799), until they were unexpectedly expelled by the Spanish authorities. They sailed via
the Bahamas to
Nova Scotia, where they were received by the
Duke of Kent, son of
King George III and (later) father of
Queen Victoria. Louis Philippe struck up a lasting friendship with the British prince. Eventually, the brothers sailed back to New York, and in January 1800, they arrived in England, where they stayed for the next fifteen years. During these years, Louis Philippe taught mathematics and geography at the now-defunct
Great Ealing School, reckoned, in its 19th-century heyday, to be "the best private school in England".
In British service Louis Philippe and his brothers were not officially received as royals at the British court, but they were able to blend in socially with the English aristocracy, and by November 1801 Louis Philippe admitted to his brothers that he was "putting down roots in the country". By October 1803, his new loyalties led to a clash with
Charles Philippe, Count of Artois (the future king Charles X), when he wore the
Hanoverian black
cockade in place of the French white cockade on inspecting French royalist volunteer troops in London. In July 1804, he wrote to the
Bishop of Llandaff that global security and the future of humankind depended on England's resistance to
Napoleon. In the summer of 1807, he moved his residence from
Twickenham to the Duke of Kent's
Castle Hill Lodge. , with her son
Ferdinand Philippe In 1808, Louis Philippe proposed to
Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George III. His Catholicism and the opposition of her mother,
Queen Charlotte, meant the Princess reluctantly declined the offer. On 15 April 1808, Louis Philippe departed from
Portsmouth for
Palermo in the then British protectorate of Sicily via
Gibraltar,
Cagliari,
Valletta (where his sole surviving brother, Louis Charles, died) and
Messina, arriving on 20 June. He remained in Sicily in the pay of the British
Foreign Office until the Bourbon
First Restoration in 1814; he was last remunerated at the discretion of
Lord A'Court, the British representative in Palermo, after July 1814. In his role as a British agent, he initially prepared for a mission in
Mexico, where he was to act as the military adviser to
Leopold, Prince of Salerno in inciting an anti-French rebellion with British naval support. After the news of the outbreak of the
Peninsular War reached Sicily in July 1808, he sailed for Gibraltar of his own initiative with the prince, but was directed to London and prohibited entry into Spain on pain of losing his allowance. He passed the winter in Malta and returned to Sicily in March 1809 upon receiving British authorisation for a military campaign in Italy against
Joachim Murat, but instead he spent two months in Cagliari (from April to June 1809) trying to persuade
Victor Emmanuel I to launch an attack against Napoleon in the
Po Valley. During this time, he finally gave up on marrying Princess Elizabeth and unsuccessfully lobbied the Bourbons of Sicily to obtain the
Ionian Islands as a principality for himself. On 25 November 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess
Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King
Ferdinand IV of Naples and
Maria Carolina of Austria, in Palermo. The marriage was controversial because her mother's younger sister was Queen
Marie Antoinette, and Louis Philippe's father was considered to have a role in Marie Antoinette's execution. The Queen of Naples was opposed to the match for this reason. She had been very close to her sister and devastated by her execution, but she had given her consent after Louis Philippe had convinced her that he was determined to compensate for the mistakes of his father, and after having agreed to answer all her questions regarding his father. ==Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)==