Languages of Russia

Although Russian is the only official language of Russia at the federal level, there are several other officially recognized languages within Russia's various constituencies – article 68 of the Constitution of Russia only allows the various republics of Russia to establish official languages other than Russian. This is a list of the languages that are recognized as official in constitutions of the republics of Russia, as well as the number of native speakers according mostly to the 2010 census or more recent ones: Dagestan's constitution defines "Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan" as the state languages. 14 of these languages (including Russian) are literary written languages; therefore they are commonly considered to be the official languages of Dagestan. These are, besides Russian, the following: Aghul, Avar, Azerbaijani, Chechen, Dargwa, Kumyk, Lak, Lezgian, Nogai, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tat and Tsakhur. All of these, except Russian, Chechen and Nogai, are official only in Dagestan and in no other Russian republic. In the project of the "Law on the Languages of the Republic of Dagestan", 32 languages are listed; however, this law project never came to life. Karelia is the only republic of Russia with Russian as the only official language. However, there exists the special law about state support and protection of the Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish languages in the republic. ==Other recognized languages==

The Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan adopted the "Law on the Languages of Nations", which is one of the regional laws aimed at protecting and preserving minority languages. In Bashkortostan, the equality of the languages is recognized. Equality is a combination of the rights of peoples and people to preserve and fully develop their native language, and freedom of choice and use of the language of communication. The writing of names of geographical objects and the inscription, road and other signs along with the state language of Bashkortostan can be done in the languages of Bashkortostan in the territories where they are concentrated. Similar laws were adopted in Mari El, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Khakassia and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The federal law "On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation", adopted in 1991, allows the federal subjects to establish additionally official languages in the areas where minority groups live. The following 15 languages benefit from various degrees of recognition in various regions under this law: • Buryat in the Agin-Buryat Okrug • Chukchi in Sakha • Dolgan in Sakha • Even in Sakha • Evenki in Sakha • Finnish in Karelia • Karelian in Karelia • Kazakh in Altai • Khanty in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug • Komi-Permyak in the Komi-Permyak Okrug • Mansi in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug • Nenets in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug • Selkup in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug • Veps in Karelia • The Yukaghir languages in Sakha ==Migrant languages==

As a result of mass migration to Russia from the former republics of the Soviet Union, especially from the Caucasus and Central Asia, many non-indigenous languages are spoken by migrant workers. For example, in 2014, 2.4 million Uzbek citizens and 1.2 million Tajik citizens entered Russia. ==Endangered languages in Russia==

There are many endangered languages in Russia. Some are considered to be near extinction and put on the list of endangered languages in Russia, and some may have gone extinct since data was last reported. On the other hand, some languages may survive even with few speakers. Some languages have doubtful data, like Serbian whose information in the Ethnologue is based on the 1959 census. Languages near extinction Most numbers are according to Michael Krauss (1995). Given the time that has passed, languages with extremely few speakers might be extinct today. Since 1994, Kerek, Aleut (in Russia), Medny Aleut, Akkala Sami, Oroch and Yugh have become extinct. • Enets (70) • Ingrian (100) • Negidal • Orok (30–82) • Sami, Ter (2) • Tofalar (25–30) • Udege (100) • Votic (8, 60 non-native) • Ket (20 speakers) (2019) • Yukaghir, Northern (30–150) • Yukaghir, Southern (10–50) • Yupik (550-900) == Foreign languages ==

headquarters reflecting the international nature of the oil industry: it is in Russian, Ukrainian, English, German, Polish, French, Hebrew, Georgian, Chinese and Tatar. According to the various studies made in 2005–2008 by Levada Center, English Source: == Languages of education ==

Every year, the Ministry of Education and Science publishes statistics on the languages used in schools. In 2014/2015 the absolute majority (13.1 million or 96%) of 13.7 million Russian students used Russian as a medium of education. Around 1.6 million or 12% students studied their (non-Russian) native language as a subject. The most studied languages are Tatar, Chechen and Chuvash with 347,000, 253,000 and 107,000 students respectively. The most studied foreign languages in 2013/2014 were as follows: ==See also==