Rafanelli moved to
Florence and married Luigi Polli, an anarchist bookseller whom she met in the Chamber of Labor, in May 1902. They founded Rafanelli Polli, a publisher of anti-military, anti-clerical, feminist pamphlets authored by
Carlo Cafiero,
Francesco Saverio Merlino, and Rafanelli herself. Rafanelli Polli also published the anarchist periodical
La Blouse (1906–1910). She published her first novel () in 1905. Her connection with Polli dissipated, though they remained friendly until his death in 1922. In the early 1900s, Rafanelli helped to co-found a committee to aid political victims from 1890s revolts and was targeted for distributing revolutionary and anti-military propaganda in
Fusignano. She entered a relationship with Giuseppe Monanni, an Arezzo printer who published
Vir: novissima rivista di alte questioni sociali on anarcho-futurist ideas influenced by the individualism of
Max Stirner and
Friedrich Nietzsche. They moved to
Milan where they edited
Ettore Molinari and
Nella Giacomelli's
Il grido della folla and
La protesta umana. They would publish anarchist and individualist periodicals including
La sciarpa nera,
La questione sociale,
La Rivolta, and
La Libertà. Rafanelli and Monanni founded a press in Milan, later known as , that published multiple works by Rafanelli:
Bozzetti sociali,
Seme nuovo, and
La castità clericale. She dedicated ''L'ultimo martire del libero pensiero
("The Last Martyr of Free Thought") to Francisco Ferrer, a Catalan pedagogue whose execution had become a cause célèbre and movement. Rafanelli wrote Verso la Siberia: scene dalla rivoluzione russa'' ("Towards Siberia: Scenes from the Russian Revolution") during Italian protests against
Nicholas II under a pseudonym, Bazaroff, taken from
Ivan Turgenev's
Fathers and Sons. Her press published her brother's
Marinai italiani a Tripoli in 1913. The press's image was enhanced by association with the illustrator
Carlo Carrà, with whom Rafanelli had a brief relationship. The press published works by
Charles Albert,
Charles Darwin,
Pietro Gori,
Peter Kropotkin, and
Elisée Reclus. They paused publishing during
World War I. One of their major works was the republication of Nietzsche's complete works in Italian, published between 1926 and 1927. Rafanelli had a friendship with
Benito Mussolini prior to his rise as Italian dictator. Mussolini spoke at a 1913 commemoration of the
Paris Commune as the director of
Avanti!. Rafanelli wrote in praise of his oratory ability and stayed in touch via letters and visits for the next year, until his military interventionist stance became readily apparent. She later published their correspondence in
Una donna e Mussolini (1946) and privately admitted her error in judging his personality. In the
interwar period, she republished
Bozzetti sociali and the short stories
Donne e femmine (1922). Rafanelli published two novels under pseudonyms:
Incantamento (1921) as Sahra and
L’oasi: romanzo arabo (1929) as Étienne Gamalier. Her relationship with Monanni dissipated in the 1930s, as did her militant activism. She worked as a
fortune teller, a teacher of Arabic, and editorial work. Rafanelli continued to write for the anarchist periodical
Umanità Nova. She moved to
Genoa in the 1940s, where she died on September 13, 1971. == Personal life ==