Historical situation Following its restoration of the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany after the
Congress of Vienna, it was led by the benevolent and efficient house of Lorraine. In 1824, upon the death of
Ferdinand III, the government of the Grand Duchy passed to his son
Leopold II (Italian: "Leopoldo"). The young king was tolerant of liberal ideas, an advocate for important public works and well disposed towards the new technology and private initiative. He approved proposals, formulated in March 1838 by the
Florentine banker
Emanuele Fenzi and the Swiss-born contractor
Pierre Senn of
Livorno, to build a railway between Florence and the
Port of Livorno.
Project After raising the necessary capital in 40 days, the two financiers established a technical committee of nine members headed by Count
Luigi Serristori. On 5 July, two routes had been prepared to meet the business's needs, and were submitted for consideration by the English engineer
Robert Stephenson, son of the pioneer of railways
George Stephenson, who was then in charge of developing the project. Stephenson was persuaded to take part in the project by Orazio Hall, brother of Fenzi's wife, and Augustine Kotzian, former president of the Livorno
Chamber of Commerce, who went to
London to meet him in August 1838. Stephenson appointed his assistants William Hopper and William Bray to study the route on the ground. In due course Stephenson proposed a route which corresponded with the current line along the
Arno valley; he presented the final draft on the 30 April 1839. This proposal was finally adopted by Grand Duke Leopold II on 25 February 1840. The line was a great success, both for goods and passengers, and led to the acceleration of construction.
Pontedera was reached on 19 October 1845 (19.4 km), Empoli on 21 June 1847 (km 26.8) and the following year on 10 June 1848, the entire 97 km long line was opened to traffic from
Livorno San Marco station to
Leopolda station, just outside Florence's city walls at Porta al Prato. The locomotives, rails and infrastructure were all built by Stephenson's company, including the bridge over the Arno, which survived for almost 100 years. The construction of the railway brought great economic benefits but it also had social implications. It was resisted physically by the local carters of
Montelupo Fiorentino who saw it as threatening their work, which consisted of the transport of goods to and from Florence on barged on the Arno river.
Operations In the spring of 1850 the doubling of the line was completed and in 1858 the Livorno port station was opened. The Leopolda station in Florence was short-lived, at least for passenger service: on 24 April 1860 a link was opened between the Leopolda railway and the
Maria Antonia railway leading to the Maria Antonia station near the current
Florence main station. Later, with the construction of the
Livorno–Rome railway and the opening of the new
Livorno Centrale railway station in 1910, the San Marco station was greatly reduced in importance. The first genuinely commercially viable Italian railway remained unchanged outside the urban areas of Florence and Livorno until 2006, when a deviation of about 9.5 km between Montelupo Fiorentino and San Donnino was opened to avoid the tortuous (but very scenic when viewed from above) route near the narrow section of Arno valley (known as the Gonfolina). The deviation was authorised in 1995 after a decade of discussion. ==Services==