Paleobiota of the Klondike Mountain Formation

Bryophytes Dillhoff et al. (2013) reference undescribed moss specimens known from the Klondike Mountain Formation known from vegetative gametophytes and they noted them to be similar to undescribed specimens from the Allenby Formation and Horsefly shales. Angiosperm diversification during the Cretaceous and Paleocene resulted in eight recognized clades that are segregated into two groups the Basal angiosperms and Core angiosperms. Present in the Klondike Mountain Formation are four of the eight groups, Nymphaeales representing Basal Angiosperms, plus Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots all in the Core angiosperms. Nymphaeales The Basal Angiosperms are represented by a single Nymphaeales water-lily species Nuphar carlquistii, though a second member, Allenbya collinsonae, has been described from the Princeton Chert. Wehr (1995) illustrated two fossils that were tentatively identified as fruits of the banana genus Ensete and the extinct myrtle genus Paleomyrtinaea respectively, however further fossil finds resulted in the re-identification of the first as a N. carlquistii rhizome section, and the second is a seed mass from the same water-lily. The extinct angiosperm genus Dillhoffia has noted similarities to the piperalean family Aristolochiaceae, but was left incertae sedis as to family by Manchester and Pigg (2008) due to a lack of confident morphological characters for placement. Piperales are known from the Princeton chert, with Saururus tuckerae representing the oldest confident Saururaceae species in the fossil record. Monocots The second largest clade of flowering plants, monocots are divided into eleven separate orders and of those, the Alismatales, Asparagales, Liliales, and Poales are found in the Klondike Mountain Formation, each represented by a single taxon. The Alismatales are represented by the Araceae species Orontium wolfei, which is considered similar to the modern golden clubs of eastern North America, while the extinct Paleoallium belongs to the Liliales. Asparagales and Poales are both present as undescribed species associated with the genera Smilax and Typha respectively. Extinct genera of monocots are also represented in the Princeton chert by the arecalean palm Uhlia, the alismatalean genus Heleophyton, the alismatalean Keratosperma, the asparagalean pollen morphogenus Pararisteapollis, the lilialean genus Soleredera, and the poalean genus Ethela, Eudicots '' hybrid leaf with lobed terminal leaflet Over a dozen different Rosaceae genera, both extant and extinct, have been identified in the formation providing some of the oldest reliable macrofossil records (excluding fossil pollen) for the family. Benedict et al. (2011) described first fossils for the prunoid genus Oemleria along with the oldest Prunus flowers. The Prunus flowers are complemented by leaf fossils representing five to six distinct morphotypes. Spiraea is known from an inflorescence with multiple flowers and leaves that are either from the genus or a closely related extinct type. The leaves frequently are preserved with a persistent stipule, a feature not found in modern Spiraea species. The firethorn genus Pyracantha and the South American genus Hesperomeles have been tentatively identified from leaves while Maloidea leaves belonging to either Malus or Pyrus have been found. Two distinct species of the Asian endemic genus Photinia are known, however only one of them Photinia pageae had been described as of 2007. however subsequent examination of the fossils by Oh & Potter (2005) failed to find stellate trichomes which are a distinct feature of the genus. They noted the fossils might be stem Neillieae, the rose tribe containing both Physocarpus and Neillia, or possibly Rubus, Crataegus, or Ribes. Fossils of both Sorbus and Rhus species leaves showing evidence of being interspecies hybrids have been noted from the formation and Flynn, DeVore and Pigg (2019) described four species of sumac which formed multiple hybrids. Wesley Wehr in 1994 reported Bignoniaceae seeds along with a single Rubiaceae fruit and an isolated Fabaceae leaf. An update of the floral list by Wehr and Manchester published in 1996 added an additional fifteen taxa identified from reproductive structures such as flowers fruits or seeds. Within the family Bignoniaceae, the fossil seeds and fruits are noted by Ze-Long Nie et al (2006) as the oldest confirmed for the family. ==Animals==

Arthropods The insect fauna of the Klondike Mountain Formation includes representatives from over 13 orders, based on a 1992 estimate, including immature though adult specimens and both terrestrial and aquatic taxa. The most prevalent orders are Diptera and Hemiptera, each making up approximately 30% of the fossil insects known in 1992. Blattodea Coleoptera A list of Coleopteran families identified by 1992 included Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Dytiscidae, Elateridae and Lucanidae, Dermaptera The order Dermaptera was first reported in 1992 Diptera Ephemeroptera Lewis (1992) listed one species of Heptageniidae and three specimens that he did not place to family. The specimens were later examined by Nina D. Sinitchenkova (1999) who described one as a squaregill mayfly and the oldest member of the genus Neoephemera, confirmed the Heptageniidae identification but that it was unidentifiable to genus. The last specimen she confirmed as an ephemeropteran, but unidentifiable below order level. Lepidoptera A solitary lepidopteran body fossil has been recovered, but no full descriptive work has been made on the specimen, aside from a single PhD dissertation. Early examination placed the moth in the family Geometridae, but later work has identified it as the oldest member of the tiger moth subfamily Arctiinae. Trace fossil evidence from leaf fossil herbivory indicates at least four other possible lepidopteran families were present in the formation. Mecoptera A number of mecopteran species belonging to the families Cimbrophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Eorpidae, and Panorpidae are also known. Neuroptera The neuropteran insects (lacewings and their allies) identified as of 2014 include species from the families Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Ithonidae (including Polystoechotidae), Nymphidae, Osmylidae, and Psychopsidae. Odonata Orthoptera Phasmatodea Fossil wings first described in 2015 were identified as being from Susumanioidea stick-insects, a group that had previously been known from the Jurassic to the Paleocene only. Raphidioptera Trichoptera Trichopterans are known mainly from laraval cases and occasional isolated wings. Vertebrates Five species of fish have been identified from the formation, four of which are known from skeletal elements, while the fifth is only known from isolated scales. Of the five species, two are unique to the formation, Hiodon woodruffi and Libotonius pearsoni were both described by paleoichthyologist Mark V. H. Wilson in 1978 and 1979 respectively. The other three species, "Amia" hesperia, Amyzon aggregatum, and Eosalmo driftwoodensis, were first described from Okanagan Highlands formations in British Columbia and subsequently also identified from Ferry County fossils. The first notation of fish fossils in the Republic area was by Joseph Umpleby in his 1910 visit to the area, who collected fish near the Tom Thumb Mine, and sent them to the National Museum of Natural History. After examining the fossils, Charles R. Eastman listed the specimens as belonging to the extinct species Amyzon brevipinne in his Fossil fishes in the collection of the United States National Museum. Research tapered off until a series of fish were collected in the Toroda Creek Graben northwest of Republic by Robert Carl Pearson during his early 1960's field mapping for the Geologic map of the Bodie Mountain quadrangle, Ferry and Okanogan Counties, Washington. The fossils were tentatively identified by paleoichthyologist David Dunkle in 1962 and 1965 as members of the genera Amyzon, Tricophanes, Erismatopterus and an undefined salmonid. Pearson sent almost all of the specimens collected to the Smithsonian, but the fossils were never accessioned into the collections and are now considered lost. He did retain one fossil from the initial collection which was later donated to the USGS collections. The largest single work on the fish of the Okanagan Highlands was published by Mark Wilson in 1977 and covered fossils collected from the known British Columbian Okanagan Highlands fossil sites of the time. While not covering the Washington State fossils, Wilson named two of the species that are currently recognized from the Klondike Mountain Formation Amyzon aggregatum and Eosalmo driftwoodensis. Additionally scales attributed to the genus Amia were discussed and the genus Libotonius was named from fossils in the Allenby Formation. In the late 1960s a collection of fish from near the Tom Thumb Mine in Republic was compiled by resident R. Woodward. During the summers of 1976 and 1977 the University of Alberta conducted field collecting in both the Republic and Toroda Creek areas, along with the donation of the Woodward collection, yielded a number of fossil catostomids, along with a single percopsid, a salmonid, a hiodontid, and an Amia scale. The hiodontids were subsequently described as the species Eohiodon woodruffi in 1978 based on differences between the Tom thumb Tuff fossils and those found in British Columbian sites. A year later the percopsid fossils were also described as Libotonius pearsoni, extending the range of the genus south from the Allenby Formation. Bird fossils are limited to mostly isolated feathers that are preserved in the finer grained strata of the lake bed, though one partial bird skeleton has also been recovered. ==References==