Features of the region
Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include: • *telt > tlet • * tórt’ > trot • *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars) • *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny • *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno • voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid • bilabial w > v, which can be f, f́ after voiceless consonant, tfůj, kf́at. This also affect f ł > u̯ • depalatalization of word final palatal labials • phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge) • -ch > -k, or in Spisz > -f (only word finally), or in clusters: kfała, kćáł • Tendency for assimilation and simplification: • velarization of n before k (phonemic?) • -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść) • weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova • strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż • rs, r-z > rz • kk > k • Doubling of s, ś in bᵘ̯ossᵘ̯o, leśśe, viśśi, viessá, and sometimes ss śś > sc, ść bᵘ̯osco v leśće, viscá • Breaking of the groups ss, zz, źź, vv, v́v́, ff, f́f́ by placing a mobile e after the prepositions/prefixes z(-), v(-) • śrz, źrz > śr, źr or in the north > rś, rź • placement of stress on the penultimate syllable except in Podhale, which has initial stress • loss of intervocalic j and contraction • preference for jasne o: skolny (szkolny) • ir > er in serce, śmierć, piersi, otherwise > ér • In the north yl, ył, il, ił > el, eł, beł, beli, uN > oN, font, gront, lack of eN, oN > éN, óN • i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (including Mazurized pronunciations of sibilants) except in Podhale, which still has i • Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: cekej (except in most subialects, which have -aj?, except dać?) • á > o tako trova • é > y after hard and soft consonants, except in the north where > y after hard, > i after soft, and in one region (34D in Dejna) > e at least after hard • Traces of e > o before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł), can be found in some Standard Polish words (kocioł, kozioł, osioł) • diphthongization/labialization of o > ᵘ̯o (not just initially) • sometimes fronting of ᵘ̯o > ᵘ̯oᵉ, u̯ë, ᵘ̯ë, which avoids raising of o, which could be confused with the reflex of pochylone ó • Loss of the alternation caused by ablaut of ‘o||’e, miotła||mietle by analogy of nonablauted forms, wiesna (via wieśnie), niesę (via nieśli), also influenced by the change above • Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > e ide, wode, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and total loss before stops and sibilants: deby (dęby) gesi (gęsi). Regionally ą̆ is retained, or mergs with ǫ: zǫp zǫby • Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ą̊ (and most commonly) > ǫ along with denasalization of the vowel: dåb, dop (dąb), or sometimes in final position -om • -iszcze > -isko • Spread of -asty, -isty • -‘ev- > -‘ov-, also after soft consonants • use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-)) • loss of r- in the prefix roz-: ᵘ̯ozlác • replacement of locative plural -’ech > -’och by analogy of -‘evi > -‘ovi etc., which was later replaced by -ach • Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -e, pole • Replacement of the genitive singular masculine/neuter adjective endings -égo with -ego via tego, do niego • Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa • Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa • Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń- • Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę • Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl- • spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or with -va, sometimes -ma via contamination of the two; in the souther -me via Slovak. • Creation and spread of the preterite ending -ek (or -k after a vowel) -śḿ under influence of -ś, -ście • Rise of masculine personal nouns, except in a large number of subdialects where the gender disappeared. ==References==