Progressive talk radio programs in markets across the U.S. have existed for many decades. The
Chicago Federation of Labor (via
WCFL) and
Socialist Party of America (via
WEVD in New York City) each launched radio stations in the 1920s as organs for progressive political activism. In the 1960s,
freeform rock stations featured outspoken air personalities who mixed
progressive rock with controversial commentary and news reports on current events such as the
Vietnam War and the
Civil Rights Movement. A few talk stations, such as
WMCA in New York City and
WERE in
Cleveland carried controversial
counterculture talk programming. Politically oriented talk radio stations often featured liberal hosts such as
Alan Berg and
Alex Bennett sharing the schedule with more conservative personalities. The
Fairness Doctrine and
equal-time rules effectively required that stations broadcasting controversial political content also provide airtime for the opposing viewpoint; progressive stations such as WMCA would thus usually have a "house conservative" (in WMCA's case,
Bob Grant) to maintain balance. One of the most notable liberal talk-show hosts was
Michael Jackson, who had a show for 35 years at
KABC in Los Angeles, often commenting on both political and national issues. Two developments in the late 1980s – the struggle of
AM radio music formats against
FM, and the repeal of the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) "
fairness doctrine" – set the stage for the growth of more political talk programming.
Conservative commentator
Rush Limbaugh became one of the early success stories of this new radio environment, helped by a syndication arrangement that was financially appealing to local stations. Many other radio hosts used his show as a model. During the 1990s, radio stations found that a schedule of mostly conservative radio drew more listeners than liberal or mixed programming. From the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, few liberal talk hosts had national exposure.
Shock jocks
Don Imus and
Tom Leykis were sometimes described as liberal, though their shows were not based on political ideology. Syndicated efforts from
Jim Hightower and
Mario Cuomo were short-lived. Hightower publishes
The Hightower Lowdown newsletter (2015) and is still producing audio insight segments heard on various media broadcasts. There were some notable local liberal hosts during this period:
Ed Schultz in
Fargo, North Dakota;
Randi Rhodes in
West Palm Beach, Florida;
Bernie Ward in San Francisco, California;
Mike Malloy in
Atlanta, Georgia; and
Michael Jackson in Los Angeles, California. The
UAW-owned network
i.e. America had over 30 affiliates, including Sirius Satellite Radio, and a lineup of Doug Stephan, Nancy Skinner, Thom Hartmann, Peter Werbe, Mike Malloy, and
The Young Turks. New management at the UAW was unenthusiastic about being in the network radio business and in 2003 went silent. Doug Stephan (not an overt liberal), Thom Hartmann, and The Young Turks continued on the air, with Stephan on over 300 affiliates, Hartmann holding about 25 (plus Sirius), and the Turks holding their spot on Sirius, all three being independently owned and syndicated. In September 2002, Democratic strategist
Tom Athans and radio veteran Paul Fiddick joined forces to create
Democracy Radio, a production company focused on creating and funding progressive talk programs. Their concept was to develop and incubate liberal oriented talk talent and enlist radio networks to market their programs to stations around the country. Democracy Radio developed and produced talk shows that launched the national careers of
Ed Schultz and
Stephanie Miller, among others. In December 2002, Thom Hartmann wrote an op-ed for commondreams.org titled "Talking Back To Talk Radio" which posited - based on Hartmann's experience as both on-air talent and being a program director back in the 1960s and 1970s - that progressive talk radio could be a profitable format if done right. The dominance of conservative talk radio caused concern among some liberals and political independents, who viewed it as an integral part of promoting conservative policies and
Republican Party candidates. After the failure of i.e. America, and with the aid of private investors, two projects came to fruition in early 2004 as an alternative to right-wing talk radio. The first was the January 2004 debut of
The Ed Schultz Show, featuring a "meat eating, gun-toting lefty" out of
Fargo, North Dakota. Created and produced by
Democracy Radio and distributed by large radio syndicator
Jones Radio Networks, the show picked up 70 stations by the end of its first year of syndication. The second project was the March 31, 2004, launch of
Air America Radio, a liberal full-service talk radio network. The fledgling network started with only a handful of stations, mostly lower power AM signals. Early financial difficulties led to the loss of affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago. Air America's original
flagship affiliate,
WLIB in New York, had some early ratings success despite a modest signal. In their first month, their midday block featuring (later Senator)
Al Franken drew more listeners in the demographic category desired by advertisers than competing stations featuring Limbaugh and
Bill O'Reilly. Another original Air America affiliate was
KPOJ, a struggling AM station in
Portland, Oregon with a 25,000-watt signal but an underperforming
oldies format. They ran the entire Air America lineup with one exception, replacing the early "Unfiltered" show (with
Rachel Maddow) with Schultz's afternoon show on a time-delay – a schedule that several other stations would soon emulate – and called the format "Progressive Talk". In its first ratings period following the switch, KPOJ went from the bottom to being one of the market's top-rated stations. The station's owner, media giant
Clear Channel Communications, decided to roll out the format on many of their other struggling AM stations across the country. More than 20 of their stations switched to liberal talk within the following year, which included major
markets such as Los Angeles,
Boston, Washington, D.C., Detroit,
Seattle, and Miami. By early 2006, approximately 90 stations were carrying at least part of the Air America lineup. The growth of the format created opportunities for additional programming. Democracy Radio and Jones Radio rolled out shows hosted by
Stephanie Miller in September 2004.
Bill Press launched in (September 2005). Established hosts such as
Alan Colmes and
Lionel saw increases in the number of affiliates carrying their shows.
Ron Reagan (son of
Ronald Reagan) was also featured. On September 1, 2006, Air America's flagship station moved to
WWRL. After its growth spurt in 2004–2006, the liberal talk format had some setbacks. Over a spread of time following the November 2006 elections, Clear Channel increased its purchasing of talk radio stations, changing many of its liberal talk shows to other formats. Their announced plan to change the format in
Madison, Wisconsin was dropped as the result of a successful listener campaign, but a similar campaign to get the station to retain the format did not work in
Columbus, Ohio. An unrelated Columbus station (
WVKO) picked up the liberal talk programming later that year. Air America filed for bankruptcy in October 2006, and was sold to new investors in February 2007, though they maintained operations during that time. Air America's highest-rated host,
Al Franken, left in February 2007 to run for
Senate and was replaced on the network by Thom Hartmann live in the noon-3 PM ET. Hartmann held Franken's ratings in most markets, regularly beating O'Reilly in Los Angeles, and beating Limbaugh in Portland and Seattle in 2007 and 2008. Currently, there are fewer than 100 U.S. commercial radio stations carrying liberal talk programs particularly due to the Clear Channel terrestrial radio station purchases and subsequent talk format changes. The stations gained by Clear Channel contributed to Rush Limbaugh retaining around 600 stations, 500 for Sean Hannity etcetera – although conservative talk radio ratings have declined substantially. AM radio in particular has switched over to business, sports, health, religious and other programming. An example of the liberal talk format's struggles is in Boston, where Clear Channel put it on AM 1200 and 1430 from 2004 until 2006. A short time later, host Jeff Santos began buying time on WWZN AM 1510 in Boston airing his own show plus syndicated offerings such as Ed Schultz and Stephanie Miller. As money dried up, and after other national hosts were offered such as
Al Sharpton, his brokered time on WWZN shrank to his own show, and then that was cut loose in the fall of 2012 as the station went to all sports. On January 21, 2010, Air America announced that it would immediately cease programming, and the company would file for
Chapter 7 bankruptcy; stating the following on their website:
Premiere Radio Networks, Clear Channel's national syndication division and home to Rush Limbaugh, signed its first liberal host in 2009. Clear Channel-owned
WJNO personality Randi Rhodes, who had been dropped from both Air America and the now-defunct Nova M Radio, returned to the airwaves in May 2009 on the satellites of Premiere, with Clear Channel's Progressive Talk stations, many of which previously carried Rhodes' show, serving as the linchpin of a national syndication effort. With Randi Rhodes eventually leaving talk radio, the Nicole Sandler Show gathered many of Randi's listeners via internet streaming at Radio or Not.
Leslie Marshall, is another woman show host who is popular and widely heard.
Arianna Huffington and other women in radio and television have had a significant history and are key players in the growth of the talk genre (see also
Oprah Winfrey).
Democracy Radio contributed to the creation of the progressive genre, and it had lasting impact with the ongoing success of
Ed Schultz and
Stephanie Miller. Now with
Dial Global, talkers Ed Schultz,
Stephanie Miller,
Thom Hartmann, and
Bill Press all enjoy a strong following with Schultz (later transitioning to
MSNBC) and Hartmann arguably leading the way. In Portland, Oregon,
KPOJ was the Progressive Talk radio station on AM 620 from the time of Air America Radio. Its success netted it a stronger signal strength, and it could be heard to the coast and to Mt. St. Helens in Washington State, etc. The station was profitable and had been mentioned as a model for other progressive talk stations. Listeners supported the station and there was a growing base. The format was changed without any public announcement on November 10, 2012, at 5:30 pm to
Fox Sports Radio. In December 2012, Seattle's Progressive Talk announced it was switching formats from progressive talk to sports in January 2013. Despite many efforts to keep KPTK, it switched to CBS Sports Radio; both KPOJ and KPTK's new formats have earned them dead last in ratings. In January 2014, progressive talk lost three of its largest markets; in Los Angeles and San Francisco, Clear Channel/iHeartMedia replaced it with conservative talk, and in New York City, the local progressive talk station switched to ethnic programming. Following these losses, several of the remaining progressive talk hosts discontinued their shows, including Randi Rhodes and Ed Schultz. Ironically, an attack on conservative talk helped ensure the demise of progressive talk on traditional radio: the
Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy and the subsequent advertiser
blacklist scared away advertisers from progressive, conservative and even neutral political talk, fearing further controversies and campaigns against them. Independently owned stations such as
WCPT in Chicago (2015) persistently maintain years of popularity and retain a full line-up of progressive hosts, including
Amy Goodman and
Juan Gonzalez on
Democracy Now!, Zero Hour with
Richard Eskow plus
Thom Hartmann, Norman Goldman,
Stephanie Miller,
Bill Press, and previous former co-host of Hannity and Colmes, the late
Alan Colmes. While progressive talk is sustained on fewer terrestrial stations, the web of new progressive hosts is exhibiting expansion and changing styles. Carrying his own show style of "fierce independence" (2015),
Norman Goldman began as "Senior Legal Analyst" and fill-in host for Ed Schultz, providing legal expertise and contributing information on MSNBC. Goldman's national talk show focuses on callers and news, with regular guest interviews with award-winning LA Times contributor and president of
Consumer Watchdog,
Jamie Court - as well as Alex Seitz-Wald, political reporter for MSNBC. Seitz-Wald has also written for
National Journal,
Salon,
ThinkProgress and
The Atlantic. Host of "I've Got Issues,"
Wayne Besen and
Hal Sparks both substitute-host for Goldman.
The Stephanie Miller Show has included includes guests like Hal Sparks, who has his own radio program on Chicago's Progressive Talk as host of
The Hal Sparks Radio Program (megaworldwide). (As of February 2014, Sparks no longer appears on Miller's show.) Sparks airs on such channels as CNN and programs such as
The Joy Behar Show and
The View. In 2011 he joined Stephanie Miller and John Fugelsang for the Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour. Miller's other guests include Democratic strategist
Karl Frisch, Jacki Schechner,
Bob Cesca,
Valerie Jarrett (one of President Obama's longest serving advisers and confidantes and was "widely tipped for a high-profile position in an Obama administration), and
John Fugelsang. Hosts
Brad Friedman and Desi Doyen are heard on radio-aired segments, The Green News Report. Substitute show personalities noted here illustrate how program popularity (and social media) can influence the rise of new talk shows and personalities. By January 2017, the migration of progressive talk to off-air and noncommercial radio left a severe shortage of programming for commercial radio stations; by one estimate, fewer than ten progressive talk stations remained in the United States, many of which were forced to change to other formats (examples including
WXXM-
Madison, Wisconsin and
WNYY-
Ithaca, New York) despite their relative popularity in their cities to maintain full 24-hour schedules. By the early 2020s progressive talk began to resurge in the
Upper Midwest returning to the Madison and Milwaukee radio markets with former syndicated WXXM host Michael Crute owned
WTTN and
WAUK offering primarily locally programmed shows. The region also continues to be served by Chicago's WCPT and
KTNF in the
Twin Cities which have proven to be two of the more resilient progressive talk stations. ==Podcast sales, smartphone apps, YouTube and TV simulcasting==