List of birds of Hawaii

Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. • Emperor goose, Anser canagica (V) • Snow goose, Anser caerulescens (V) • Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons (V) • Brant, Branta bernicla • Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsii • Canada goose, Branta canadensis (V) • Nene, Branta sandvicensis (En) • Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (V) • Baikal teal, Sibirionetta formosa (V) • Garganey, Spatula querquedula • Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors • Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera (V) • Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata • Gadwall, Mareca strepera • Falcated duck, Mareca falcata (V) • Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope • American wigeon, Mareca americana • Laysan duck, Anas laysanensis (En) • Hawaiian duck, Anas wyvilliana (En) • Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos • Northern pintail, Anas acuta • Green-winged teal, Anas crecca • Canvasback, Aythya valisineria (V) • Redhead, Aythya americana (V) • Common pochard, Aythya ferina (V) • Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris • Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (V) • Greater scaup, Aythya marila • Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis • Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (V) • Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata (V) • Black scoter, Melanitta americana (V) • Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis (V) • Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola • Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula (V) • Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus (V) • Common merganser, Mergus merganser (V) • Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator (V) • Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (V) ==New World quail==

Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits. • California quail, Callipepla californica (I) • Gambel's quail, Callipepla gambelii (I) ==Pheasants, grouse, and allies==

Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. • Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo (I) • Chukar, Alectoris chukar (I) • Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) • Kalij pheasant, Lophura leucomelanos (I) • Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus (I) • Gray francolin, Ortygornis pondicerianus (I) • Black francolin, Francolinus francolinus (I) • Red junglefowl, Gallus gallus (I) • Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica (I) • Erckel's francolin, Pternistis erckelii (I) ==Grebes==

Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. • Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps • Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus (V) • Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena (V) • Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (V) ==Sandgrouse==

Order: PterocliformesFamily: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon-like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. • Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles exustus (I) ==Pigeons and doves==

Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. • Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I) • Spotted dove, Spilopelia chinensis (I) • Zebra dove, Geopelia striata (I) • Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura (I) ==Cuckoos==

Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. • Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus (V) • Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus (V) ==Nightjars and allies==

Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves. • Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor (V) ==Swifts==

Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. • Mariana swiftlet, Aerodramus bartschi (I) • Fork-tailed swift, Apus pacificus (V) ==Rails, gallinules, and coots==

Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. • Sora, Porzana carolina (V) • Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata • Hawaiian common gallinule, G. g. sandvicensis • Hawaiian coot, Fulica alai (En) • Laysan rail, Porzana palmeri (Xt) • Hawaiian rail, Porzana sandwichensis (Xt) ==Cranes==

Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". • Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis (V) ==Stilts and avocets==

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. • Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus (V) • (Hawaiian) black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus knudseni • American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (V) ==Lapwings and plovers==

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. • Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola • Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva • Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus (V) • Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus (V) • Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (V) • Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus • Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus (V) ==Sandpipers and allies==

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. • Bristle-thighed curlew, Numenius tahitiensis • Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus • Far Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis (V) • Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica • Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa (V) • Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (V) • Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa (V) • Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres • Red knot, Calidris canutus (V) • Surfbird, Calidris virgata (V) • Ruff, Calidris pugnax • Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata • Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus (V) • Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (V) • Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta (V) • Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis (V) • Sanderling, Calidris alba • Dunlin, Calidris alpina • Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (V) • Little stint, Calidris minuta (V) • Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla • White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (V) • Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (V) • Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos • Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla (V) • Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri • Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (V) • Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus • Pin-tailed snipe, Gallinago stenura (V) • Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (V) • Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata • Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (V) • Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos (V) • Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia (V) • Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria (V) • Gray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes (V) • Wandering tattler, Tringa incana • Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes • Willet, Tringa semipalmata (V) • Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus (V) • Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca (V) • Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola (V) • Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis (V) • Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (V) • Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (V) • Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius ==Skuas and jaegers==

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae Skuas and jaegers are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers. • South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki • Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus • Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus • Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus ==Auks, murres, and puffins==

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Alcidae Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colors, their upright posture, and some of their habits; However they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. • Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus (V) • Parakeet auklet, Aethia psittacula (V) • Rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata (V) • Horned puffin, Fratercula corniculata (V) ==Gulls, terns, and skimmers==

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. • Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla (V) • Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (V) • Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (V) • Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla • Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan • Common gull/short-billed gull, Larus canus/Larus brachyrhynchus (V) • Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis • Western gull, Larus occidentalis (V) • California gull, Larus californicus (V) • Herring gull, Larus argentatus • Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (V) • Slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus (V) • Glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens • Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (V) • Brown noddy, Anous stolidus • (Hawaiian) black noddy, Anous minutus melanogenys • Blue-gray noddy, Anous ceruleus • White tern, Gygis alba • Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus • Gray-backed tern, Onychoprion lunatus • Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (V) • Little tern, Sternula albifrons • Least tern, Sternula antillarum • Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica (V) • Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia (V) • Inca tern, Larosterna inca (V) • Black tern, Chlidonias niger (V) • White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (V) • Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida (V) • Common tern, Sterna hirundo (V) • Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea • Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii (V) • Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (V) • Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans (V) ==Tropicbirds==

Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head. • White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus • Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus (V) • Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda ==Loons==

Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body. • Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (V) ==Albatrosses==

Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae The albatrosses are amongst the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. • Salvin's albatross, Thalassarche salvini (V) • Laysan albatross, Phoebastria immutabilis (En) (99% of the total population breeds in the Hawaiian Islands.) • Black-footed albatross, Phoebastria nigripes (En) (More than 95% of the total population breeds in the Hawaiian Islands.) • Short-tailed albatross, Phoebastria albatrus ==Southern storm-petrels==