The founder of the nursery was
Joachim Conrad Loddiges (1738–1826). He was born in
Hildesheim,
Lower Saxony; his father Casper Lochlies was a gardener to a nobleman in Wrisbergholzen, near
Hannover. Conrad trained in The Netherlands and emigrated to Britain at the age of 19 during the
Seven Years' War to take up employment as gardener for Dr J. B. Silvester George Loddiges also linked the nursery into the scientific circles of the day, becoming a Fellow of the
Microscopical Society (FMS), Fellow of the
Linnean Society (FLS), Fellow of the
Horticultural Society (FHS), and Fellow of the
Zoological Society (FZS) in London, for he had wide interests in scientific subjects beyond botany, becoming particularly knowledgeable about early microscopy and one aspect of ornithology (humming-birds). Abroad the nursery's influence spread to the imperial gardens of St Petersburg in Russia and the first Botanical Gardens at
Adelaide in South Australia in 1839, by John Bailey who started with Conrad Loddiges in 1815. Although the business closed in the 1850s, it leaves an important legacy in many of our gardens and parks, since a number of the attractive plants we take for granted, were first introduced into cultivation by Loddiges Nursery.
Origins under Joachim Conrad Loddiges On 2 January 1770, following his marriage, Joachim Conrad Loddiges wrote to his longstanding employer, Dr Silvester, asking for advice about his plan to move on from head gardener and grounds keeper, and set up a small seed and gardening business in the village of Hackney, north of London, with assistance from a fellow German emigree, Johann (syn. John) Busch. Busch was appointed as chief gardener to
Catherine the Great and the two remained in contact - it is through this connection that the Loddiges had a role in importing and establishing
rhubarb in Britain. Seed packets were received from all over the world, sometimes from well-known botanical explorers such as
John Bartram and
William Bartram in North America (who also favoured Quaker horticulturalists such as
Peter Collinson with discoveries), and sometimes from ordinary travelers. One of the first plant species to be introduced into cultivation in Britain by Conrad Loddiges was the Common Mauve
Rhododendron,
Rhododendron ponticum. He introduced this into England in the early 1760s while working as a gardener for Dr Silvester of Hackney, prior to setting up his own seed and nursery business. The young plants were supplied to the Marquis of Rockingham whose interest led to great enthusiasm for growing the species in British gardens.
Prominence under George Loddiges Conrad's son
George Loddiges is generally credited with raising the profile of the exotic Hackney nursery at least as greatly, if not more so, than his eminent horticulturalist father. In 1833 the Loddiges began using the newly developed
Wardian Case to transport live plants from Australia, and also had a keen interest in microscopy and hummingbirds, one of which,
the Marvelous Spatuletail, was named in his honour. For example, the term '
arboretum' was first used in an
English publication by
J. C. Loudon in 1833 in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' when commenting on George Loddiges' famous
Hackney Botanic Garden arboretum, begun in 1816, and open free to the public for educational benefit every Sunday. Loudon wrote:
The arboretum looks better this season than it has ever done since it was planted... the more lofty trees suffered from the late high winds, but not materially. We walked round the two outer spirals of this coil of trees and shrubs; viz. from Acer to Quercus. There is no garden scene about London so interesting. A plan of George Loddiges' arboretum was included in
The Encyclopaedia of Gardening 1834 edition, and the interest this aroused helped inspire Loudon to write his encyclopaedic book
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, first published in 1838. Although this incorporated drawings from several early botanic gardens and parklands throughout the UK, it relied greatly upon, and would not have been possible without, George Loddiges' well labeled arboretum.
It was on the collection maintained by this firm more than any other that J.C.Loudon relied for living material in the preparation of his great work W.J.Bean notes in
Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, today's standard reference work. Another notable visitor was
Charles Darwin who in September 1838 wrote
Saw in Loddiges garden 1279 varieties of roses!!! Proof of capability of variation Although George Loddiges' arboretum was widely praised, his better known horticultural endeavour was to establish the world's largest hothouse in his Hackney Botanic Nursery, and invent a system of warm mist-like rain to maintain beautiful tropical palms, epiphytic orchids, ferns and camellias in almost perfect environmental conditions akin to a 'tropical rainforest'. George Loddiges' tropical hothouse range made use of recently invented curvilinear iron glazing bars and central heating systems, which together with his own inventions, enabled many new species of tropical plant to be introduced into cultivation, or flower for the first time in Europe. Visiting the hothouses on 30 March 1822, the Quaker pharmacist
William Allen, his Cousin Emily Birkbeck and Anna Hanbury noted:
We all went to Loddiges Nursery to see the camellias which are now in full bloom and very beautiful ! There is quite a forest of them: his hot-houses are, perhaps, the most capricious in the world: one off them is forty feet high: in this there is a banana tree which nearly reaches the top. A few years later, in 1829, Jacob Rinz (a visitor from a Frankfurt nursery) commented:
never shall I forget the sensation produced by this establishment. I cannot describe the raptures I experienced on seeing that immense palm house. All that I had seen before of the kind appeared nothing to me compared with this. I fancied myself in the ; and especially at that moment when Mr Loddiges had the kindness to produce, in my presence, a shower of artificial rain. Such conditions were ideal for tropical orchids, several of which were named in honour of George Loddiges, including
Loddiges' dendrobium. So infectious was the interest that George Loddiges and fellow nurserymen created during the early nineteenth century in the splendour of new ferns, trees, palms - indeed plants of all kinds - that he was prompted to begin marketing a series of volumes containing coloured engravings of the many new species and varieties. Entitled
The Botanical Cabinet it ran to twenty volumes and 2,000 plates. Facing each plant portrait, George Loddiges added a few lines of text outlining the source of the seeds and invariably adding a religious perspective. Many of the drawings for the publications were made by George himself, his daughter Jane and the young
Edward Cooke who became a leading Victorian artist, and whose father,
George Cooke, engraved a number of the plates. The
Horticultural Society awarded George Loddiges numerous medals throughout this period: Silver Medal, 1818, 1819; Silver Medal (Sir Joseph Banks Memorial Portrait Prize), 1823, 1826, 1832, 1835; President's Silver Medal, 1836; Silver Flora Medal, 1837. In the late 1830s, George Loddiges became involved in the design and landscaping of one of the
Magnificent Seven London garden cemeteries associated with burial reform:
Abney Park Cemetery. Sensitively preserving the existing early eighteenth century parkland laid out by
Lady Mary Abney and
Isaac Watts, he introduced an educational landscape around the perimeter which was open to the public free of charge: a vast arboretum of 2,500 species and varieties, labelled alphabetically from A to Z rather than arranged in a more conventional way. Close to the
Abney Park Chapel he also laid out a rosarium to complement the chapel's 'botanical rose windows' (described as 'botanical' owing to their unusual ten-part arrangement, as in the five sepals and five petals of
the rose family, or petals of a simple rose including indentations as shown in the
White Rose of York). George Loddiges also appears to have influenced the architect
William Hosking and client
George Collison II in their final choice of Egyptian Revival ornamentation for the main entrance, since the Egyptian-style entrance pylons incorporate the botanical imagery of
the Egyptian White Lily or Lotus, a plant introduced into western cultivation by Loddiges Nursery in 1802. In May 1838, John James Audubon published the fifth, and final, volume of his "Ornithological Biography", the textual supplement to his epic "Birds of America" series of 435 plates (1826-1838). Writing about the "Anna Humming Bird" in the Ornithological Biography, Audubon wrote, "...Those [figures/paintings] of the male I made from specimens, for the use of which I am indebted to Mr. Loddiges, of London, whose collection of Humming Birds is unrivaled." (In June 2018 an original, 4-volume edition of the Birds of America sold at a Christie's auction for $9.65 million).
Closure under Conrad Loddiges II On the death of George Loddiges in 1846, the nursery business passed to his son
Conrad Loddiges II (1821–1865), who found it increasingly difficult to negotiate a new lease from the land-owner (St. Thomas' Hospital), given the much higher prices the land could now command for housing development, due to London's growth into the surrounding countryside. Similarly, the part of the nursery that was owned by the Loddiges family in freehold, was becoming more valuable as building land, whilst losing its attractive countryside village setting. Conrad was involved with the display of ferns and terrariums for the
Great Exhibition. The nursery closed in stages between 1852 and 1854 due to expiry of the lease from St. Thomas' Hospital. Conrad Loddiges II offered the whole of the exotic plant stock to
Kew Gardens for a sum of £9000 (20 years earlier the collection was valued at £200,000) but this was refused. Many rare plants were auctioned via Stevens auctioneers, including rare orchids sold to
John Day who would later become famous as a botanical illustrator.
Joseph Paxton purchased 300 palms and plants for the opening of the new
Crystal Palace at Sydenham.
The Illustrated London News of 5 August 1854 illustrated plumed horses pulling a giant palm tree through the City of London on its way to be prominently displayed by Paxton in time for the opening of the Crystal Palace by Queen Victoria.
Burial and remembrance Today, memorials to members of the Loddiges family can be seen in the gardens of the
Church of St John-at-Hackney and
Abney Park Cemetery. Standard
botanical author abbreviations for the Loddiges family: •
Lodd. is applied to
plants described by the
botanist Conrad Loddiges (1738–1826). •
G.Lodd. is applied to plants described by the botanist George Loddiges (1784–1846). •
W.Lodd. is applied to plants described by the botanist William Loddiges (1776–1847). See
List of botanists by author abbreviation. ==References==