Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib

or South Arabia, the historical region in which Amr's tribe, the Zubaidi, originated. At the time of Muhammad, the Zubaidi clan of the Qahtanite tribal confederation had split into two groups, which were called Zubaid al-Kabir (Zubaid the greater) and Zubaid al-Asgar (Zubaid the lesser). The Zubaid al-Asgar traced their progeny from a sub branch of the Banu Asam clan. Amr hailed from the Zubaid al-Asgar subdivision, and his father, Maʻadī Yakrib ibn Abd Allah, was the clan chieftain. Amr is considered by modern historians to be born 75 years before the Hijri year. Amr had a sister named Rayhanah, and a brother named Abd, who was killed by a Yemenite Madhhij tribe which came from a different branch of the Zubaidi clan. Classical sources state that Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib had lived long before the founding of Islam, as he met Abd al-Muttalib, grandfather of Muhammad. He also met Abraha, a famous Aksumite warlord who, according to a narrative from the Al-Fil chapter of the Quran, was destroyed by the hell birds sent by God during his invasion of Mecca. Amr was also able to point out several historical landmarks of early medieval Yemen, such as a fortress built by Abraha which was called al-Ma'in fortress. Due to his skill in poetry, Amr once also served as a delegation of poets of Lakhmid king Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir. Amr was said to have been the son of one of the rivals of Antarah. The capture of Antarah happened during a battle which was called Ghazwat al-Tatlit. Abu Ubaydah Mu'ammar ibn Muthanna, a famous writer from Basra during the 8th century, described Amr, Antarah, and Durayd as three of the finest cavaliers of the ancient era. Amr first meet Durayd during a raid against Hawazin. The conflict between Amr and Amir ibn Tufayl is also described in several pre-Islamic Arabian poems. During the era of Rashidun, Amr told caliph Umar that Abbas ibn Mirdas as-Sulami was a member of a group of six powerful Arab horsemen, and that Abbas was the best of the six. Another pre-Islamic narrative recounts a conversation between Abbas and Amr ibn Tufail, where Amr is discussed. Amr described to caliph Umar that the three bravest opponents he faced were: Amr stated that Harith was so nimble in combat that he could jump off his horse to avoid Amr's strikes, and immediately appear from behind. According to The Meadows of Gold by Al-Masudi, this conflict happened during a Zubaid clan raid against Kinana, where Amr and his clansmen managed to seize loot and Rabia's wife. Rabia then pursued the raiding force and confronted Amr. When Amr told this story to Umar, he said that he fought inconclusive duels against Rabia. As a result, Amr gave Rabia back his wife and the loot. • Amr's old rival who clashed with him numerous times, Amir ibn Tufail. There are various accounts of Amr's lesser known adventures and battles, which were recorded in the form of oral traditions and poetry. As Amr had farms and a house in Tatlit, near Abha, in the modern Asir Region, adjacent to the settlement of the Khawlan clan, the majority of his conflicts and battles occurred in the far north of Yemen. Amr gained his first renown from this battle. Amr then presented the spoils to his uncles, Sa'ad and Shihab. • The invasion against the sub branch of Banu Hamdan, the clan of Banu Asid. This occurred after the Asid clan raided the Zubaidis and plundered many possessions, including equipment and horses belonging to Amr. • The battle against Banu Ziyad al-Harith ibn Ka'ab, where Amr reported that the women of Banu Ziyad were cheering during the battle. This battle was recorded by Yaqut al-Hamawi in his book ''Mu'ujam al-Buldan.'' • The battle of "The Day of Bawar", a battle against Banu Sa'adi, a victory that gave Amr much pride. • A raid by Amr against Banu Hamdan, which became the subject of the famous Hamdani poem, Hashash. Al-Asghar ibn Hashash al-Bakili ash-Shakri escaped the attack, and took refugee in a nearby settlement, where Hashash al-Ashgar composed a poem which described the attack of Amr against his tribe. • Amr clashed with the Sa'adian clan led by Rabiah bin Sa'ad, entered the fortress of An'am that belonged to the Sa'ad clan, and destroyed it. • During the Rashidun Caliphate era, Amr recounted to caliph Umar that he had once faced a certain warrior who challenged him to a duel in a midst of battle, not knowing who he was. However, the alliance between Zubaid and Jurm broke in the middle of the war, which caused the Zubaid to fight Jurm instead. Sassanid Yemen There is mention of Amr's involvement in long dramatical events of the Aksumite–Persian wars. These occurred as the Yemeni Arab tribes coalitions resented the Axumite rule, which prompted the Yemeni to form a coalition through their leader, Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, with the Sasanian Empire. The Quraysh tribe, from which Muhammad hailed, hired Amr and Tulayha, another famed pre-Islamic knight hailed from Asad tribe, in some of their battles against opposing tribes, Amir ibn Tufail was captured by Untairah, a female warrior sister of prominent figure named Dhu al-Kalab. However, due to intercession from Amr, Untairah agreed to release Amir, who decided then to attack Muhammad, who was preaching Islam. It is said before he began his attack, Amir ibn Tufail died from a neck tumour, placed there due to the prayers of Muhammad against him. == Life after Islamic conversion ==

, the oldest mosque in Yemen. It was built around 633 CE. At the time when Muhammad began to preach about the Islamic faith, Amr heard about it and was compelled to meet Muhammad. Amr's sword, which was named al-Samsarah,(translated as "killing on the spot", This happened as Khalid ibn Sa'id was on his way to Yemen, when suddenly the tribesmen of Amr from Zubadi ambushed him. Other several famous swords of the same type were named Dhu al-Nun and al-Qalzam. Later, during the great Ridda Wars, Qays curtailed the forces of a Yemeni rebel leader who claimed himself as prophet, named Al-Aswad al-Ansi. Both Amr and Qays were rallied for the second insurrection in Yemen. However, both were defeated by the force of Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl. According to the record of Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah, Amr came to Medina as a prisoner and was guarded by a caliphate soldier named Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya. Amr was then brought to caliph Abu Bakar, who invited him to Islam again, which Amr agreed upon. == Service under Rashidun caliphs ==

Muslim conquest of Levant According to Yemeni historian professor Sulaiman Issa, Amr brought along Zubaidi tribesmen from Tihamah to participate in the Muslim conquest of the Levant. In 634 CE, According to Hisham ibn al-Kalbi, after Khalid ibn Sa'id fell in the battle of Marj al-Saffar, the sword of al-Samsara previously belonging to Amr was found next to his body. Mu'awiya therefore took the sword. At one point, Thomas, the garrison commander of Damascus, decided to lead the breakthrough against the siege by assembling forces in the eastern gate more numerous than the other gates, so that Khalid would be unable to move to Shurahbil's assistance and take command in that decisive sector. As the East Gate, the situation also became serious, for a larger Byzantine force had been assigned to this sector, and Rafay ibn Umayr was unable to withstand their attacks. Amr and Khalid then positioned themselves on the front of the eastern gate of Damascus. At first, a Byzantine commander from Baalbek named Harbees was sent to Homs in response to the Muslims' siege of the city. Amr and Dhiraar then continued by leading more than 5,000 cavalry troops joining Maysarah ibn Masruq to besiege Homs. Later, as the campaign in the Homs governate continued, Amr and about twenty mounted warriors consisted of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Qais ibn Hubairah, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, Malik al-Ashtar, Auf ibn Salam, Sabr ibn kalkal, Mazin ibn Amr, Asid ibn Salamah, Rabia ibn Amr, Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl, and others entered the city of Al-Rastan. During the siege of al-Rastan, it is recorded that the supreme commander of Rashidun, Abu Ubaydah, employed military deception that allowed Amr and about 20 warriors to enter the city, and to cause chaos once they were inside of the wall while also opening the gate from inside and allowing the Muslim armies to overwhelm the defenders, thus allowing the city to be captured despite its very strong fortification defence. Battle of Yarmuk Later, Amr ibn Ma'adi-Yakrib was recorded as participating in the Battle of the Yarmuk, where Amr led soldiers from the Zubaid clan on the right flank of the Rashidun army. There are record about his remarks regarding the Ghassanid tribe after the battle. Muslim conquest of Persia When the Battle of Yarmuk was over, Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas asked the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab to send him reinforcements for the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. Ibn Asakir recorded that according to Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, commander of Rashidun army in Levant, Amr was among nineteen veterans that participated in Yarmuk that were sent into Qadisiyyah. Umar took precautions after disaster befell the Rashidun army in the Battle of the Bridge, and he immediately instructed several commander to send their detachments to go to Qadisiyyah, where the Madhhij contingent sending 1,200 of their fighters led three leaders, which are Amr, Abu Suhra bin Dhu'ayb, and Yazid ibn al-Harith as-Sada'i. Amr was sent along with Tulayha and al-Qa'qa as commander to Qadisiyyah. Umar instructed Sa'd to consult Amr and Tulayha regarding military matters, as Umar highly regarded the wisdom of both of them, while in addition, Umar also addressed to Sa'd in his letter: Battle of al-Qadisiyah After arriving in Qadisiyyah, Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, the supreme commander of Rashidun army in Iraq, and the Rashidun army in Iraq were rejoiced with the arrival of both Amr and Tulayha, as they were acknowledged by the Qurayshite as heroes who were often hired by the Quraysh tribe to fight their wars in the past, during the era of Pre-Islamic Arabia. Amr was then sent by Sa'ad as an envoy to Rostam to give the Sassanids a message, offering Rostam a choice between converting to Islam, surrender and paying Jizya tribute, or war. Tabari particularly detailed in one chain of narrations the circumstances in which Tulayha infiltrated the Sassanid camps under the cover of darkness, and cut the ropes of the Sassanid rear army tents while bringing torches to ignite the fires within the camp.. The horses, according to Tulayha himself, belonged to Rostam. On another occasion, as Amr roamed between the Rashidun and Sassanid lines on his horse, a Sassanid archer took position in the frontline and shot at Amr, which barely missed, hitting the edge of a bow slung on Amr's shoulder. At the end of the first day, the elephants of Sassanid army left the battlefield due to Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi's ploy, scaring away the alpha male of the elephant herd, which according to Tabari was identifiable by more brighter skin and being bigger than other elephants. The left flank of the Muslims also managed to stall the onslaught of Persian heavy cavalries. Amr was the one who instructed the Rashidun soldiers to sever the trunks of the elephants, which was done so by the soldiers around him, stopped the elephants' advance. Then Amr charged along with Khalid ibn Urfuta, Jarir ibn Abdullah Al-Bajali, Al-Qaqa', Tulayha, Amr and Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab to turn and engage against the elephant corps, aiming their weapons to pierce the elephants' eyes, while also aiming to kill the elephant riders. According to an eyewitness of the third day battle, Amr announced he would cross the bridge alone to confront the enemy, instructing his followers to join him after a brief interval. Then they found Amr is fighting fiercely deep inside the enemy ranks; surrounded by the Sassanid soldiers, while his horse was incapacitated by enemy arrows. Regardless, when the Muslim soldiers managed to reach the encirclement of Amr, they found Amr was still alive and fighting alone inside the enemy ranks. During the fourth day of the battle of Qadisiyyah, Al-Qa`qa' devised a plan to end the fierce fighting against the Muslims and the Persians; he personally chose a group of some of the most valorous tribal chiefs from the Muslim army, such as Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, and Ibn Dhul-Bardain, for this mission. As the battle started, al-Qa'qa then executed the plan leading this special units that included Amr on a daring charge to penetrate the surprised Sasanian lines. The death of Rostam shocked the entire Sassanid army, which prompted Sa'ad to instruct general assault to all the Muslim soldiers, and ended the four day-long battles which resulted the annihilation of Sassanid main forces mustered in Qadisiyyah. During this battle, the Rashidun army had lost one of their most celebrated hero named Abu Mihjan al-Thaqafi, whose death was witnessed by Amr. According to Mohammed Hussein Heikal, Amr was rewarded a massive 2,000 Dirhams worth of spoils of war by Sa'ad for his astounding personal efforts in the battle of Qadisiyyah, although he did not earn bigger rewards, which were reserved for those who had memorized Qur'an, since Amr was not included as one of the Hafiz. Battle of Jalula Later, Amr participated in the Battle of Jalula, where he was reported to have played an important role during this battle along with al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, Hijr ibn 'Adi, and Qays ibn Maksuh. According to Baladhuri, Amr was appointed as commander of Rashidun cavalry during this battle. At night, Al-Qa'qa brought a number of elite cavalry to reach the door of the ditch. This act caused panic among the Sassanids as they began retreating, while the Rashidun forces noticed that al-Qa'qa and his units had penetrated and taken position on the trench behind the Sassanid army. One of the notable captives from this battle was the mother of Amr ibn Shurahil, a Tabi'un hadith scholar. During the tenure of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas as governor in Kufa, there were scandalous accusations regarding Sa'd's unjust rule in Iraq, to which Umar responded by sending his agents to check and interview the populace in Kufa. Sa'd himself was called to Medina for interrogation. When Amr was interviewed, Amr testified in defence of Sa'd against the complaints and accusation of the Sa'd duty in Kufa, as according to Amr, the rule of Sa'd was "...just in law, caring the poors, humble in nature, and fair when giving rewards...". Mujashi also provided Amr with shields, swords, and another warfare equipment. However, their advance was halted due to the onset of winter, which prompted Ahnaf to ask whether they should continue or not, to which Amr replied that it was up to Ahnaf. Amr was then assigned by Khalid ibn al-Walid to lead about 200 Rashidun cavalry to march towards Harran Battle of Nahavand & Death , one of the last Sasanian strongholds during the Muslim conquest of Persia. On the eve of the Battle of Nahāvand, the caliphate heard that the Sassanid armed forces from Mah, Qom, Hamadan, Ray, Isfahan, Azerbaijan, and Nahavand had gathered in the area of Nahavand to counter the caliphate's invasion. Caliph Umar responded by assembling war councils to discuss the strategy to face the Sassanids in Nahavand. As the battle plans has been set, at first the caliph wanted to lead the army himself, however, Ali urged the caliph to instead delegate the battlefield commands to the field commanders. Umar agreed, and decided to send Amr, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Tulayha, Abdullah ibn Amr, Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays and others under the command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin as reinforcements to Nahavand. As they arrived in Nahavand, Amr was sent as a scout to gather information about the enemy forces before the battle. Amr travelled for three days, exploring the fields around the area in Nahavand, to gather information regarding the enemy strength. The battle began with two days of intense skirmishing, as the Sassanid forces refused to leave their position within trenches despite their superior number, until the last day, as Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin asked the opinion of his commander how to break the Sassanid resistance. The Sassanids had entrenched themselves behind spiked ditches, and so Amr stated they should try to force a daring breakthrough manoeuvre against their lines to break the Sassanid resistances. Then, as the last day of the battle started, Tulayha's strategy was carried out, baiting the bulk of Sassanid forces to chase them as the Rashidun forces pretended to withdraw, while peppering the Sassanids with showers of arrows by their cavalry archers. Despite the overall victory, Amr was killed during this battle, along with his comrade Tulayha. Abu al-Farraj recorded that Amr was buried along with Nu'man, the Rashidun supreme commander who also fell during this battle. This has been considered dubious as the narrator chains were weak. According to Abu Hanifa, al-Farra account were ambiguously traced to untraceable source. == Personal characteristic ==

Amr was known for his impressive physical build. It was said that Amr was so tall and huge in stature, that his feet touched the ground when he rode a horse, As a huge person, Amr also reportedly possessed a huge appetite, as he admitted that when eating a full dish of camel meat, he would consume the camel's meat up to its bones, and he also drank huge amounts of milk. The size of his appetite was once recorded during a visit to caliph Umar's residence, where he was treated with large amounts of dishes such as breads and raisins, which still did not appease him until there was no more to give, prompting the caliph to say that he has no more food in the house. Basra philologist and grammarian Al-Mubarrad recorded that caliph Umar of Rashidun once asked his peoples about the best things among Arab peoples, which responded by his peoples that the most generous were Hatim al-Tai, the best poet were Imru' al-Qais, and the best mounted hero were Amir ibn Ma'dikarib while his sword, as-Samsara, was the best sword known in Arabia. Jabir ibn Abd Allah praised Amr and Tulayha as soldiers that participated in the battle of al-Qadisiyah who did not desire worldly gain and were exceptionally pious. As master of equestrianism, Amr possessed at least four different horses as his mounts, named al-Ya'suf, al-Adhwa'a, al-'Athaf, and al-Ba'yat. == Legacy ==

Amr was a powerful warrior, proficient in swords, armor, shield, bows and arrows. While discussing the martial art of weapon usage with Caliph Umar, it is implied that Amr utilised the Tahtib martial art which involved the mastery use of sticks or spear. The swords belonging to Amr became a source of various legends and myths in later eras, as Abbasid caliphs were known to possess a famous sword of Amr's, after it has been purchased by the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiyah. These fuelled the martial legends surrounding Amr, and were represented by heroic literature and poetry about Amr. However, some of the epic deeds of Amr were sometimes incorrectly attributed to another figure named Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan. The blade was made of iron found in Jebel Nuqm, a mountain that overlooked San'a. It was possessed by Abbasid caliph al-Wathiq. According to several medieval chronicles, the sword belonged to the ʿĀd tribe, which preserved it from generation to generation until Amr received it from Himyarite Kingdom ruler Alqamah bin Dhi Qaifan. Another sword of Amr called the Dhu al-Nun sword was believed to be a gift from the Queen of Sheba, the legendary queen of Yemen, to the prophet Solomon from the kingdom of Israel. Abu al-Faraj as-Shi'i al-Isfahani mentioned the literary evidence of Amr named Dhu al-Nun in the battle poetry which originated from the battle of Qadisiyyah. Meanwhile, Amr's most famous sword, as-Samsarah, was believed to originate from the extinct tribe of ʿĀd which lived during the time of prophet Hud. Amr described in his own poem how his sword previously belonged from a man named Dhu al-Qaifah ibn 'Alas ibn Ja'dan, who had acquired that sword as an artifact of the ʿĀd tribe. The sword came into possession of Abbasid caliphs such as Harun al-Rashid, The Islamic era poetry and historical narrative commentaries also included an appraisal for Amr for his participation in Islamic conquest, particularly in Qadisiyyah and Nahavand as appraisal, in addition to his pre-Islamic saga. Islam In Islamic belief, Amr is remembered and included as one of the Companions of the Prophet. His status as a companion was attested by in Ibn Hajar's record Al-Isabah fi tamyiz al Sahabah. As a companion of Muhammad who served with distinction during the Early Muslim conquests, Muslim scholars of later generations have worked on the memorials and biographical record about Amr ibn Ma'dikarib service during his later half of his life, and his martyrdom during the battle for Islam conquest. The records from Ali ibn al-Athir in his biographical works, Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah, Later scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah, adapting from at-Tartusi, also praised the bravery of Amr during those campaigns. Ibn Kathir quoted in his book al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya the many appraisals Amr received for his services during the battle of Qadisiyyah from both contemporaries and later Islamic historians, who recognized Amr's role during the battles against the Sassanid empire. Ibn Kathir also recorded the compilation of the Hadith narrated through the authority of Amr in his different works, ''Jami' al-Masanid wa as-Sunan''. Interpretations & jurisprudences Aside from his military service to Islam, Amr also passed down a Hadith, which reported that he heard the recitation of Talbiyah during hajj pilgrimage ritual, taught to him by Muhammad. The text reads: Based on critical commentaries and review from Al-Suyuti works, Amr was also known as one of several Sahabah who had possessed rare knowledge regarding the Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation of certain Qur'an verses. Ibn Hisham recorded the warning given by Amr to Qays ibn Makshuh, when Qays threatened Salman ibn Rabia al-Bahili, administrator of the caliphate stable and Hima (camels massive breeding livestock in Nejd). Amr reprimanded Qays from threatening Salman, advising him to beware of such a prideful attitude while reminding him the fate of the powerful ʿĀd peoples preceding them, which did not help them to avert disaster. Prominent Saudi scholar and permanent council of scholars member, Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen, also quoted Amr's poetry in his book, Tafsir al-Uthaymin, when explaining the tafsir or interpretation of the verses Al-An'am chapter of Qur'an regarding slavery to Allah, in context of servitude of whole creatures towards their Creator, in a general sense. Later scholars, such as 12-13th century Hanbalite scholar Abu al-Barakat Zayn al Abidin ibn al-Munaji, also recorded the war ethics of Ghanima or spoils of war according to Islam jurisprudence, where he described how Amr killed one of the Sassanid commander's bodyguards in battle, and cut both hands off the bodyguard to acquire the golden bracelets on his wrists, Zayn al-Abidin used this case as the allowance of certain soldiers to acquire the spoils from the enemy he personally killed by his own hands, which was in line with one of the ruling stated in one Hadith from Muhammad regarding such a situation. However, Amr once made a mistake of Qur'an tafsir regarding liquor, as Al-Ma'idah revelation of verse 90-91 completely forbade consumption of alcohol. Amr first though the ruling about liquor was that it was not totally forbidden according to verse 93. This view, according to Ibn Qudamah, was corrected by Ibn Abbas and caliph Umar. This incident was discussed by Ibn Hajar in his compilation and Hadith explanation book, The Meadows of the Righteous. Poetries Werner Daum noted that Amr was probably the most famous and legendary of the ancient Arab heroes, who roamed the land seeking honour in glorious battles and through poetry. The figure of Amr was celebrated among Arabian poetry experts, as accomplished poet as Jawad Ali said that Amr was genuinely gifted in oratory skill and poets. As an expert of poetries, the poets recited by Amr were preserved and documented until modern era. The One Thousand and One Nights folktale narrated that Scheherazade recited one of Amr's poem to the caliph al-Ma'mun. Yahya al-Juburi, modern era Arabic literature expert, has worked on a commentary book regarding the poetries compilation within "Diwan Amr ibn Ma'dikarib". A surviving poem by Amr about Amr's opinion on the Ghassanid was quoted by Irfan Shahîd, in which Amr said "lords during Jahiliyya era and stars in Islam." Amr's fame in poetry has placed him among similar fame with other notable poets such as Harith ibn Zalim, Amr ibn Tufail, and Mukhalis ibn Muzahim. Many stories and epic poetries produced by Amr have survived and have become subjects of Arabian poet studies. Amr is regarded as an example of pre-Islamic heroic figure comparable with Antarah and Durayd, also remembered as great warriors and poetry experts. Stylistically, Amr's poetry sometimes used a simile from natural phenomena, such as comparing the scene of lightning appearing over clouds to a group of women gathering together in mourning. Amr came upon him after Amr the dog had killed a lion and was wallowing in the lion's blood, while seemingly eating the lion's corpse. Some of Amr's contemporaries in the caliphate questioned the veracity of Amr's stories in his many poetries, prompting him to defend himself in front of caliph Umar. Amr stated that he had never lied in his life, even before converting to Islam. Abbasid era scholar Ibn Qutaybah also attested the reliability and truthfulness of Amr's claims and dismissed the critics. In Malay and Indonesian folktales, Amr became one of leading figures of the fictional chronicle of Hikayat Amir Hamzah, since the Hikayat poetries that fictionalized the heroic figures of early Islam were used in its era to be used by inspire the locals to resist the Dutch invaders. As the diaspora of Zubaid tribe spread across the ages, several sub branches of them claim to be direct patrilineal descendants of Amr, such as the Jubur tribe. Abbas al-Azzawi wrote in his book, ''"al-Ash'ar al-Iraq"'' (عشائر العراق), that the Jubur then technically formed the smaller sub branch of Zubaid clans through Amr. From several texts, the patrilineal line passed to Amr ibn Ma'di Karb al-Zubaydi from Zabid al-Asghar, who was from Bani Amr, and in Najd al-Jabour and al-Izza are the Subai' family, who are from grouped clans, Another notable sub-branch of Zubayd in modern times, the Al-Uqaydat, who are according to Max von Oppenheim the largest tribe in all of Mesopotamia, are reportedly claimed as descendants of Amr as well. == See also ==