Jê–Tupi–Carib languages

Nikulin (2015) Nikulin (2015) compared the vocabulary of Proto-Macro-Jê, Proto-Tupí, and Proto-Carib. In this comparison, only four matches were found among all three proto-languages: 'name', 'tooth', 'to eat', and 'ear'. • ‘to go’: p-Tupian *to, p-Bororo *tu, p-Cariban *[wɨ]tə[mə] • ‘arm’: p-Mundurukú *paʔ, p-Macro-Jê *paC, Chiquitano pa-, p-Kariri *bo(ro-), p-Cariban *apə-rɨ • ‘foot’: p-Tupian *py, p-Macro-Jê *pVrV, p-Bororo *bure, Kariri *bɨ(ri-), (?) Chiquitano pope-, (?) p-Cariban *pupu-ru • ‘seed’: p-Tuparí-Karitiana *j-upa, p-Cariban *əpɨ (*-tɨpə) • ‘stone’: p-Macro-Jê *kra(C), p-Kariri *kro • ‘tree’: p-Bororo *i, p-Kariri *dzi • ‘to sleep’: p-Jabutí *nũtã, Chiquitano a-nu, p-Bororo *unutu / *-nutu, p-Kariri *-unu, (?) p-Macro-Jê *ũtᵊ Nikulin (2023) Nikulin (2023) identifies the following cognates in Macro-Jê and Tupian as further evidence for a Macro-Jê–Tupian family. Non-cognate lookalikes or loans are identified by Nikulin (2023) as: • ‘flat’: Proto-Mawé–Guaranian *-peːP and Ofayé -ɸiʔ • ‘to kill’: Ofayé -kə˜jʔ, Proto-Chiquitano *kõˀõj- ‘to kill, to die’, and Awetí -kỹj • ‘liquid’: Proto-Tupian *ʔɯ / *-j-ɯ and Proto-Jabutian *-y • ‘louse’: Proto-Macro-Jê *-ŋgy₁n° (Eastern only) and Proto-Core Mondé *giT • ‘neck’: Proto-Tupian *-woT and Proto-Cerrado *-mbut • ‘powder, paste’: Proto-Tupian *-jõʔõP and Proto-Jabutian *-nũ • ‘thorn’: Proto-Macro-Jê *-ñĩn° ~ *-ñĩñ° and Tuparí -ĩ ==Macro-Chaco hypothesis==

Nikulin (2019) suggests a Macro-Chaco hypothesis linking Jê-Tupí-Cariban (including Karirian and Bororoan) with Mataco-Guaicuruan (possibly including Zamucoan): • Macro-Chaco • Macro-Guaicurú • Matacoan • Guaicurú • (?) Zamuco • Jê-Tupí-Cariban • Macro-Tupian • Tupian • Macro-Jê + Chiquitano • Macro-Cariban • Cariban • Karirí • Boróro In addition to likely shared morphology, there are also various possible Macro-Chaco shared basic vocabulary items, listed below. • ‘tooth’: p-Tupian *j-ãc, p-Tupian *j-uñ, p-Bororo *o, Chiquitano oʔo-, p-Cariban *jə, p-Kariri *dza, p-Guaicurú *-owe • ‘liquid’: p-Tupian *j-ɯ, Chiquitano uʔu- ‘honey’, p-Matacoan *-ʔi • ‘name’: p-Tupian *j-et, p-Tupian *-jet, p-Bororo *idʒe, Kariri *dze, p-Matacoan *-ej, p-Zamocoan *i, (?) Chiquitano ɨri- • ‘blood’: p-Tupian *əɯ, p-Tupian *j-O, p-Matacoan *’woj-, p-Guaicurú *-awot, Ayoreo ijo • ‘seed’: pre-pMundurukú *j-a, p-Tupian *j-əm, p-Bororo *a, Chiquitano ijo-, p-Chiquitano *a, p-Matacoan *-oʔ, p-Guaicurú -a ‘fruit’ Reconstructed pronominal affixes of the protolanguages of the Macro-Chaco families are given in the following table: In this table the forms marked with (A) refer to ergative/agentive case, and the forms marked with (O) are referred to absolutive/patient/experiencer case. ==References==