Hedy Lamarr

Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in 1914 in Vienna, the only child of Gertrud "Trude" Kiesler (née Lichtwitz) and Emil Kiesler. Her father was born to a Galician-Jewish family in Lemberg in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, part of Austria-Hungary (now Lviv in Ukraine) and was, in the 1920s, deputy director of Wiener Bankverein, and at the end of his life a director at the united Creditanstalt-Bankverein. Her mother, a pianist and a native of Budapest, in the Kingdom of Hungary, had come from an upper-class Hungarian-Jewish family. She had converted to Catholicism and was described as a "practicing Christian" who raised her daughter as a Christian, although Hedy was not baptized at the time. ==Film career==

Europe Lamarr was taking acting classes in Vienna when one day, she forged a note from her mother and went to Sascha-Film and was able to have herself hired as a script girl. While there, she had a role as an extra in the romantic comedy Money on the Street (1930), and then a small speaking part in the comedy Storm in a Water Glass (1931). Producer Max Reinhardt then cast her in a play entitled The Weaker Sex, which was performed at the Theater in der Josefstadt. Reinhardt was so impressed with her that he brought her with him back to Berlin. However, she never actually trained with Reinhardt or appeared in any of his Berlin productions. Instead, she met the Russian theatre producer Alexis Granowsky, who cast her in his film directorial debut, The Trunks of Mr. O.F. (1931), starring Walter Abel and Peter Lorre. Granowsky soon moved to Paris, but Lamarr stayed in Berlin and was given the lead role in No Money Needed (1932), a comedy directed by Carl Boese. Lamarr then starred in the film which made her internationally famous. Ecstasy In early 1933 at age 18, Lamarr was given the lead in Gustav Machatý's film Ecstasy (Ekstase in German, Extase in Czech). She played the neglected young wife of an indifferent older man. The film became both celebrated and notorious for showing Lamarr's face in the throes of orgasm as well as close-up and brief scenes of nudity. Lamarr claimed she was "duped" by the director and producer, who used high-power telephoto lenses, although the director contested her claims. Although she was dismayed and now disillusioned about taking other roles, the film gained world recognition after winning an award at the Venice Film Festival. Throughout Europe, it was regarded as an artistic work. In America, it was considered overly sexual and received negative publicity, especially among women's groups. Withdrawal '' (1941) Lamarr played a number of stage roles, including a starring one in Sissy, a play about Empress Elisabeth of Austria produced in Vienna. It won accolades from critics. Admirers sent roses to her dressing room and tried to get backstage to meet her. She sent most of them away, including a man who was more insistent, Friedrich Mandl. Mandl was an Austrian military arms merchant and munitions manufacturer who was reputedly the third-richest man in Austria. She fell for his charming and fascinating personality, partly due to his immense financial wealth. autobiography, Ecstasy and Me, Mandl is described as an extremely controlling husband who strongly objected to her simulated orgasm scene in Ecstasy and prevented her from pursuing her acting career. She claimed she was kept a virtual prisoner in their castle home, . Lamarr's marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable and she decided to separate herself from both her husband and country in 1937. In her autobiography, she wrote that she disguised herself as her maid and fled to Paris, but according to other accounts she persuaded Mandl to let her wear all of her jewelry for a dinner party and then disappeared afterward. She wrote about her marriage: Hollywood Algiers and her first MGM films (left) and Hedy Lamarr (right) were Charles Boyer's leading ladies in Algiers (1938). After arriving in London in 1937, she met Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, who was scouting for talent in Europe. She initially turned down the offer he made her (of $125 a week), but then booked herself onto the same New York–bound liner as him, and she managed to impress him enough to secure a $500-a-week contract. Mayer persuaded her to change her name to Hedy Lamarr (to distance herself from her real identity and "the Ecstasy lady" reputation associated with it), choosing the surname in homage to the beautiful silent film star Barbara La Marr, on the suggestion of his wife, who admired La Marr. He brought her to Hollywood in 1938 and began promoting her as the "world's most beautiful woman". Mayer loaned Lamarr to producer Walter Wanger, who was making Algiers (1938), an American version of the French film Pépé le Moko (1937). Lamarr was cast in the lead opposite Charles Boyer. The film created a "national sensation", says Shearer. MGM successes '', October 1942 In Boom Town (1940), one of her most popular films, she co-starred with Clark Gable, Claudette Colbert and Spencer Tracy; it made $5 million. Of her co-stars, Lamarr said, "Clark Gable, so warm and friendly to the insecure actress … Claudette Colbert, such a lady to me, although much higher in the MGM pecking order." Tondelayo in White Cargo (1942), top billed over Walter Pidgeon. It was a huge hit. Lamarr had a dance number in the film: "I was proud of my authentic African dance, which I rehearsed for weeks, and which gave me splinters in my feet. It was done with a bed showing in the background, and it was so sexy almost all of the scene was cut. How I'd like to own that footage today!" Final MGM films and loan-outs Lamarr turned down the leading female roles in the 20th Century-Fox film noir Laura and the MGM melodrama Gaslight (both 1944). She said of the film, "There I am, eight months pregnant, being photographed behind potted palms and in full ball gowns, which fortunately fit the story." She participated in a war-bond-selling campaign with a sailor named Eddie Rhodes. Rhodes was in the crowd at each Lamarr appearance, and she would call him up on stage. She would briefly flirt with him before asking the audience if she should give him a kiss. The crowd would say yes, to which Hedy would reply that she would if enough people bought war bonds. After enough bonds were purchased, she would kiss Rhodes and he would head back into the audience. Then they would head off to the next war bond rally. Samson and Delilah and later films After the war, she starred in a comedy with Robert Cummings, ''Let's Live a Little'' (1948). Lamarr enjoyed her biggest success playing Delilah against Victor Mature as the Biblical strongman in Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah, the highest-grossing film of 1950. The film won two Oscars. but was let go when she collapsed during filming from nervous exhaustion. She was replaced in the role of Jessica Flagmore Shelley by Zsa Zsa Gabor. ==Producer==

and Lamarr in Samson and Delilah (1949) After leaving MGM in 1945, Lamarr formed a production company with Jack Chertok and made the thriller The Strange Woman (1946), an adaptation of a novel of the same title by Ben Ames Williams. Lamarr's performance won praise from critics. The New York Times wrote, "Undoubtedly every actress this side of ten yearns for a tour de force and Hedy Lamarr […] can consider that yearning wholly realized. For the somber drama of a suave sinner in Bangor, Me., of a century ago affords Miss Lamarr her meatiest assignment in years, a chance at large chunks of choice dialogue." She and Chertok then made Dishonored Lady (1947), another thriller starring Lamarr. ==Inventing career==

Although Hedy Lamarr was widely celebrated for her acting career, her technological achievements were not fully recognized until decades later. The frequency-hopping system she co-developed with George Antheil became foundational to later spread spectrum communications technology. Modern wireless systems such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and some secure military communication systems use principles related to spread spectrum transmission. In 1997, Lamarr received the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award, helping bring renewed attention to her role as an inventor. Lamarr had no formal training and was primarily self-taught, she invested her spare time, including on set between takes, in designing and drafting inventions, which included an improved traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a flavored carbonated drink. From the meetings, she learned that navies needed "a way to guide a torpedo as it raced through the water." Radio control had been proposed. However, an enemy might be able to jam such a torpedo's guidance system and set it off course. When later discussing this with a new friend, composer and pianist George Antheil, her idea to prevent jamming by frequency hopping met Antheil's previous work in music. In that earlier work, Antheil attempted synchronizing note-hopping in the avant-garde piece written as a score for the film Ballet Mécanique (1923–24) that involved multiple synchronized player pianos. Antheil's idea in the piece was to synchronize the start time of four player pianos with matching player piano rolls, so the pianos would play in time with one another. Together, they realized that radio frequencies could be changed similarly, using the same kind of mechanism, but miniaturized. which was granted as on August 11, 1942, under her legal name Hedy Kiesler Markey. The invention was proposed to the Navy, who rejected it on the basis that it would be too large to fit in a torpedo, and Lamarr and Antheil, shunned by the Navy, pursued their invention no further. It was suggested that Lamarr invest her time and attention to selling war bonds since she was a celebrity. ==Later years==

Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States at age 38 on April 10, 1953. Her autobiography, Ecstasy and Me, was published in 1966. She said on TV that it was not written by her, and much of it was fictional. Lamarr later sued the publisher, saying that many details were fabricated by its ghost writer, Leo Guild. Lamarr, in turn, was sued by Gene Ringgold, who asserted that the book plagiarized material from an article he had written in 1965 for Screen Facts magazine. In the late 1950s, along with former husband W. Howard Lee, Lamarr designed and developed the Villa LaMarr ski resort in Aspen, Colorado. In 1966, Lamarr was arrested in Los Angeles for shoplifting. The charges were eventually dropped. In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in Orlando, Florida, this time for stealing $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded no contest to avoid a court appearance, and the charges were dropped in return for her promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year. Seclusion The 1970s was a decade of increasing seclusion for Lamarr. She was offered several scripts, television commercials, and stage projects, but none piqued her interest. In 1974, she filed a $10 million lawsuit against Warner Bros., claiming that the running parody of her name ("Hedley Lamarr") in the Mel Brooks comedy Blazing Saddles infringed her right to privacy. Brooks said he was flattered. The studio settled out of court for an undisclosed nominal sum and an apology to Lamarr for "almost using her name". Brooks said that Lamarr "never got the joke". In 1981, with her eyesight failing, Lamarr retreated from public life and settled in Miami Beach, Florida. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Boulevard adjacent to Vine Street where the walk is centered. Lamarr became estranged from her older son, James Lamarr Loder, when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years. Lamarr left James Loder out of her will, and he sued for control of the US$3.3 million estate left by Lamarr in 2000. He eventually settled for US$50,000. In her later years, Lamarr lived in Altamonte Springs, Florida, before moving to Casselberry, Florida, in the final months of her life. She communicated with family and friends almost exclusively by telephone. However, after moving to Casselberry, two friends who lived nearby would visit her at home to check on her a few times a week. The remainder of her ashes were buried there. ==Marriages and children==

, in 1939. Lamarr was married and divorced six times and had three children: • Friedrich Mandl (married 1933–1937), chairman of the Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik • Gene Markey (married 1939–1941), screenwriter and producer. She adopted a boy (however this was later contested by the child, see below) during her marriage with Markey. Lamarr became estranged from the boy when he was 12 years old, their relationship ended abruptly, they did not speak again for almost 50 years, and Lamarr left him out of her will. • John Loder (married 1943–1947), actor. The two had a daughter, Denise, who married Larry Colton, a writer and former baseball player, and a son, Anthony, who worked for illustrator James McMullan. Anthony Loder was featured in the 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr. • Ernest "Teddy" Stauffer (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader • W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress Gene Tierney) • Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life. Throughout her life, Lamarr claimed that her first son, James Lamarr Loder, was not biologically related to her and was adopted during her marriage to Gene Markey. Years later, her son found documentation that he was the out-of-wedlock son of Lamarr and actor John Loder, whom she later married as her third husband. However, a later DNA test proved him not to be biologically related to either, as documented in Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story. == Awards, honors, and tributes ==

Public and audience recognitions • Selected as the "most promising new actress" of 1938 in a poll of Philadelphia film fans conducted by Elsie Finn, the Philadelphia Record film critic (1939). • Chosen as the "ideal type" of woman in a poll of both male and female students conducted by the Pomona College newspaper (1939). • Named the "most beautiful actress" in "a secret poll of 30 Hollywood correspondents" conducted by the American magazine Look (1939). • Won "top honors for facial features" in a poll of 400 members of the California Models Association (1940). • Included by makeup expert Max Factor, Jr. among ten glamorous Hollywood actresses with the most appealing voices (1943). • Voted the year's tenth best actress by British moviegoers for her performance in Samson and Delilah (1951). Film and performing arts recognition • Honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion picture industry (1960). • Voted 10th best actress by British moviegoers, for her performance in Samson and Delilah (1951). Inventor and technology awards • Jointly honored with George Antheil with the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award for their work on spread-spectrum technology (1997). • Became the first woman to receive the Invention Convention's BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award, described as the "Oscars of inventing," recognizing individuals whose creative lifetime achievements in the arts, sciences, business, or invention fields have significantly contributed to society (1997). • Awarded the Viktor Kaplan Medal of the Austrian Association of Patent Holders and Inventors, in recognition of her inventive work (1998). • Posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for her role in the development of frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology (2014). Places, memorials, and named institutions • The Hedy-Lamarr-Weg was designated in Vienna Meidling (12th District), naming a street after her (2006). • An honorary grave for Lamarr was created at the Vienna Central Cemetery in Group 33 G, Tomb No. 80, following the burial of her remaining ashes there, near the centrally located presidential tomb (2014). Popular and corporate tributes • Google commemorated the 101st anniversary of her birth with an animated Google Doodle, and marked her 109th birthday with a second doodle highlighting her film career and scientific work (2015; 2023). Science and technology tributes • The IQOQI installed a quantum telescope on the roof of the University of Vienna, which was named in her honor (2014). • The asteroid 32730 Lamarr was named in her honor by the IAU Minor Planet Center (2019). • One of the Global Positioning System satellites, GPS III-10, was named in her honor (2021). • One of the radio frequency spectrum monitoring PHASMA satellites was named "LAMARR" in her honor (2025). == In popular culture ==

Literature • Mentioned in Herman Wouk's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Caine Mutiny, in which Lieutenant Barney Greenwald invokes Lamarr during a tense post-trial confrontation (1952). • Featured as the central figure in Marie Benedict's biographical novel The Only Woman in the Room, a New York Times and USA Today bestseller and Barnes & Noble Book Club selection (2019). Film and documentary • Parodied through the villain Hedley Lamarr in the Mel Brooks western spoof Blazing Saddles, in which the character, played by Harvey Korman, is repeatedly mistaken for "Hedy Lamarr" and irritably responds, "That's Hedley" (1974). • Her son Anthony Loder appears in the documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr, which incorporates recordings of Lamarr's personal telephone conversations (2004). • In the mockumentary The Chronoscope, written and directed by Andrew Legge, the fictional Irish scientist Charlotte Keppel is widely understood to be modeled on Lamarr; the film satirizes 1930s politics through a fascist group that steals Keppel's chronoscope, a device that can see the past and is used to create propaganda films (2009). • The story of Lamarr's frequency-hopping invention and her later recognition as an inventor is the subject of the documentary Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival and was later broadcast on American Masters (2017). • Lamarr was selected from a group of 150 information-technology figures to be profiled in a short promotional film commissioned by the British Computer Society, highlighting her role in the history of communications technology (2010). Television • Referenced in the I Love Lucy episode "The Dancing Star", in which Lucille Ball quips, "Gee, that means that you didn't see Clark Gable or Walter Pidgeon or Hedy Lamarr. They were all down by the pool" (1955). • The story of her frequency-hopping spread spectrum invention is explored in an episode of the Science Channel series Dark Matters: Twisted But True, which examines the darker side of scientific discovery (2011). • Her role in the development of wireless communication is highlighted in the premiere episode of the Discovery Channel series How We Invented the World (2013). • Celia Massingham portrayed Lamarr in the Legends of Tomorrow episode "Helen Hunt", set in 1937 Hollywoodland (2017). • Alyssa Sutherland portrayed Lamarr in the Timeless episode "Hollywoodland", which depicts both her film career and wartime inventive work (2018). The episode aired March 25, 2018. • Mentioned in the first episode of the animated series ''Marvel's What If...?'' (2021). • Honored in the animated series Star Trek: Prodigy with the introduction of the Lamarr-class USS Voyager-A, a starship class named in tribute to her scientific legacy (revealed 2023; appears in season 2, 2024). Theatre and performance • The off-Broadway play Frequency Hopping, written and staged by Elyse Singer, dramatizes the collaboration between Lamarr and Antheil and received a prize from STAGE for best new play about science and technology (2008). • HEDY! The Life and Inventions of Hedy Lamarr, a one-woman show created and performed by Heather Massie, presents her life story on stage (2016). • Stand Still and Look Stupid: The Life Story of Hedy Lamarr, a one-actor play written by Mike Broemmel and starring Emily Ebertz, focuses on Lamarr's film career and inventive work (first staged 2016). • The dance production Hedy Lamarr: An American Muse, created by Linze Rickles McRae and performed with her daughter Azalea McRae and students of the Downtown Dance Conservatory in Gadsden, Alabama, staged a choreographic tribute to Lamarr (2023). • Anne Hathaway studied all of Lamarr's films and incorporated some of her breathing techniques into her portrayal of Catwoman in the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises. Music • Referenced by the carnivorous plant Audrey II in the song "Feed Me" from the off-Broadway musical Little Shop of Horrors and its 1986 film adaptation, promising Seymour "a date with Hedy Lamarr" as one of the rewards for helping it (1982; 1986). • Johnny Depp composed the song "This Is a Song for Miss Hedy Lamarr" with Tommy Henriksen; the recording by Depp and Jeff Beck was released on their album 18 (2022). Visual media, video games, and exhibitions • In the video game Half-Life 2, Dr. Kleiner's pet headcrab, Lamarr, is named after Hedy Lamarr (2004). • A photograph of Lamarr by Austrian-born American photographer Trude Fleischmann (circa 1930) was included in the New York Public Library exhibition Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library (2010). • Featured in the exhibition Lady Bluetooth at the Jewish Museum Vienna, which focused on her dual legacy as a Hollywood star and inventor (2019). ==List of works==

Filmography Source: Radio appearances == See also ==