Major adverse cardiovascular events

The so-called "classical 3-point MACE" is defined as a composite of nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death. Another study similarly defined MACE as a composite of nonfatal stroke, nonfatal acute coronary syndrome, and death from vascular causes. But another study defines MACE as "CVD events, admission for HF (heart failure), ischemic cardiovascular [CV] events, cardiac death". Yet another study defined MACE as "CV death, hospitalization for HF, or myocardial infarction (MI)". The heterogeneity of the sets defining MACE, hampering systematic reviews and meta-analyses, has been repeatedly criticized. == Risk factors for MACE ==

Which conditions are risk factors for MACE depends on some characteristics of the investigated cohort. Established risk indicators in the general population include age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, elevated concentrations of triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol concentration, reduced HDL concentration and hypertension, as, e. g., demonstrated by the Framingham Heart Study. More recently, additional risk indicators have been identified, e. g. type 2 allostatic load, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, d-dimer level, renal failure, consumption of salt as sodium chloride, == Therapeutic interventions ==

Two reviews have concluded that SGLT2 inhibitors benefit patients with atherosclerotic MACE. One of those studies defined MACE as the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. ==References==