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Manuherikia Group

The Manuherikia Group is a fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary fill in the Central Otago area of New Zealand, at the site of the prehistoric Lake Manuherikia. The area consists of a valley and ridge topography, with a series of schist-greywacke mountains at roughly ninety degrees to each other. The Manuherika Group occurs in the current basins, and occasionally on the mountains themselves.

History
One of the earliest geologists to work in the area, McKay, understood that the Manuherikia Group was probably originally continuous. Although some workers came to believe the sediments were deposited in a series of small, interconnected basins between the mountain ranges, e.g. Park, later workers, like Cotton argued that the sediments had been isolated by later mountain growth. Douglas placed the Manuherikia Group sediments into a coherent genetic context. He drew attention to Manuherikia Group sediments on the top of mountain ranges, and to the observation that sequences in distinct basins were similar. His conclusion was that the Manuherikia Group is the result of sedimentation in a single (except for the earliest stages) very large basin that was later intruded by the growth of the mountain ranges. This basin ultimately grew into a single huge lake – Lake Manuherikia – that extended over some . Mildenhall, Mildenhall and Pocknall has indicated that the Manuherikia Group is basically Miocene in age. The plant macrofossils, common in the lower Manuherikia Group, are mostly Early Miocene, perhaps with some in the earliest Middle Miocene. == Stratigraphy ==
Stratigraphy
Following Douglas, Distinctive facies within the Kawarau Member have been termed the Cromwell Submember and the Ewing Submember. The Ewing is typically intercalated with the Lauder Member, an informal unit of the Bannockburn Formation. This contains a fossil fauna (the Saint Bathans Fauna) of birds, fish, and a crocodilian, New Zealand's first known terrestrial mammal, as well as bats. Stromatolites are also present. At two locations around the depocenter, river deltas developed and large thicknesses of coal built up on upper delta plains. These are termed the Blackstone Delta and Teviot Delta. Fully lacustrine conditions ensued with the submergence of these deltas and for much of the mid Miocene, Lake Manuherikia was without known bounds. Rising mountains in the Late Miocene-Pliocene eventually deluged Lake Manuherikia with gravel – the Maori Bottom, or Maniototo Conglomerate. == Fossil content ==
Fossil content
Bannockburn FormationAegotheles zealandivetusDeliaphapsDunstanettaHakawaiHeraclesManuherikia douglasi, M. lacustrina, M. minuta, M. primadividuaMatanasMiotadorna sanctibathansi, M. catrionaeNeilusNelepsittacus donmertoni, N. daphneleeae, N. minimusPalaelodus aotearoaPelecanoides miokuakaProapteryxRupephapsZealandornisGalaxias angustiventris, G. brevicauda, G. bobmcdowalli, G. papilionis, G. parvirostris, G. tabidusMataichthysGreylackia The conifers total 16 species in 12 genera, including: • Acmopyle • Araucariaceae (Araucaria and ?Agathis) • DacrycarpusDacrydiumKakahuiaLepidothamnusPapuacedrusPodocarpusPrumnopitysRetrophyllum • Taxaceae Other gymnosperms: • Gnetalaceae Monocots include: • AsteliaTypha The dicots include: • Winteraceae • Atherospermataceae • Monimiceae (Hedycarya sp.) • Proteaceae • Menispermaceae • Santalaceae (Amphorogyne, Notothixos) • Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma) • Paracryphiaceae (Paracryphia) • Elaeocarpaceae-Cunoniaceae • Meliaceae • Nothofagaceae (Nothofagus) • Myrtaceae (Syzygium, Metrosideros) • Phellinaceae (Phelline) • Sapindaceae • Myrsinaceae • Grisselinaceae (Grisselinia) • Argophyllaceae (Argophyllum) • Lauraceae, at least 22 species including Endiandra and Cryptocarya == See also ==
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