Mantispidae

'' sp., Sydney, Australia '' species female from Kerala, India About long and with a wingspan of , some mantidflies such as Climaciella brunnea, Euclimacia nodosa are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. The vernacular and scientific names are derived from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids (the only difference is that the pincers lack footpads and are not used for walking at all). The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights or blacklights. They are usually green, brown, yellow, and sometimes pink, and have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. However, the underlying mechanisms for the prey capture behavior are different in mantidflies and mantids. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers. Symphrasinae larvae are sedentary parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods, and in at least one species they are mobile. Mantispinae have the most specialized larval development among all mantidflies studied to date (the life history of the Drepanicinae remains unknown): their campodeiform larvae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarabaeiform larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube formed by modified mandibles and maxillae, pupating in the egg sac. ==Systematics==

Among the Neuroptera (which includes lacewings, antlions and owlflies), mantidflies are apparently most closely related to the Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) and the thorny (Rhachiberothidae) and beaded lacewings (Berothidae). These and the prehistoric Mesithonidae - probably a paraphyletic assemblage rather than a natural group - form the superfamily Mantispoidea. Many mantidflies are placed in one of the four subfamilies, of which the Symphrasinae are probably the most distinct and the Mantispinae are the most advanced. But a considerable number of taxa cannot be easily accommodated in this layout, and are therefore better treated as incertae sedis at present. Some authors have suggested that the extinct two winged Dipteromantispidae known from Cretaceous fossils should be treated as a subfamily of Mantispidae. and extinct taxa based on Jepson, 2015 and subsequent literature. Calomantispinae • Calomantispa Banks, 1913 • Nolima Navás, 1914 Drepanicinae • †Acanthomantispa Lu et al. 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) • †Aragomantispa Pérez-de la Fuente and Peñalver 2019 Spanish amber, Early Cretaceous (Albian) • †Dicranomantispa Lu et al. 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian • Ditaxis McLachlan, 1867 • Drepanicus Blanchard, 1851 • Gerstaeckerella Enderlein, 1910 • †Liassochrysa Ansorge and Schlüter 1990 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian) • †Promantispa Panfilov 1980 Karabastau Formation, Kazakshtan, Middle/Late Jurassic • †Psilomantispa Lu et al. 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian • †Sinuijumantispa So & Won, 2022 Sinuiju Formation, North Korea, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) • Theristria Gerstaecker, 1884 ===Mantispinae=== • Afromantispa Snyman & Ohl, 2012 • Asperala Lambkin, 1986 • Austroclimaciella Handschin, 1961 • Austromantispa Esben-Petersen, 1917 • Buyda Navás, 1926 • Campanacella Handschin, 1961 • Campion Navás, 1914 • Cercomantispa Handschin, 1959 • Climaciella Enderlein, 1910 • Dicromantispa Hoffman, 2002 However, later studies found them to be basal members of Psychopsoidea and Neuroptera respectively. Most living genera from which fossil species are also known to go back to the Miocene; the Oligocene "Climaciella" henrotayi probably does not belong in the living genus. Two fossil species have been described as part of the extant genus Dicromantispa, Dicromantispa moronei from Dominican amber and Dicromantispa electromexicana from Mexican amber. The North American species include: Paraberotha, Retinoberotha and Whalfera were formerly placed here, but have since been recognized as Rhachiberothidae. Mantispidiptera are diminutive insects, apparently neuropterans of some sort, perhaps Hemerobiiformia; their exact affiliation cannot at present be determined because of their odd apomorphies, though they are unlikely to have been mantidflies. ==References==