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Maraetai Power Station

Maraetai Power Station is a hydroelectric power station on the Waikato River, in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the fifth of the eight hydroelectric power stations on the Waikato River, and at 360 MW, is the largest hydroelectric station on the Waikato.

History
Maraetai I In early 1946, the Minister of Public Works Bob Semple, announced a full development of the Waikato River, with the first three stations planned at Ohakuri, Whakamaru, and Maraetai. Although Ohakuri was chosen first, the choice soon shifted to Whakamaru as it would be the best location for transmission needs. However, more investigation had been done for the Maraetai site, and starting Whakamaru first would make it more complex to divert the river for Maraetai later, so it was decided to build Maraetai first. Investigations into a hydroelectric station at Maraetai had been completed between 1940 and 1945. The site was in a deep narrow gorge, west of Tokoroa and upstream of Arapuni. Because of the narrowness of the gorge, the powerhouse took up the entire length of the base of the dam, meaning no orthodox spillway could be constructed. This meant that the spillway had to be designed as part of the diversion tunnel. The site was composed of volcanic ignimbrite, which had cracked extensively on cooling meaning extensive grouting of the rock was required. Construction of Maraetai I began in 1946, with the construction of an access road from Tokoroa, and establishing services and accommodation for the workers of the dam. The service and accommodation camp formed the town of Mangakino, on the south shore of what would become Lake Maraetai. Problems were encountered right from the beginning - the Second World War had just ended, which meant there was a great deal of shortages of labour and materials. The Public Works department's work-force was less than two-thirds of its pre-war size, with thousands of vacancies not filled. Concrete and steel were also in short supply, as steel imports were less than half their pre-war levels, and local contractors could only produce two-thirds of the required amount of concrete. Combined with industrial unrest and the nature of the site, the target completion date of 1951 became less achievable. ==Dam==
Dam
Maraetai's dam is a concrete arch dam which impounds the Waikato River behind the Maraetai I powerhouse, and creates Lake Maraetai. The dam is long, high, and is wide at the base and at the crest. At one time, the dam was the largest hydroelectric dam in the Southern Hemisphere. The dam's spillway is located south of the dam. Because of the dam's location in a narrow gorge, there was insufficient space to construct an orthodox spillway, so the diversion tunnel used in construction was reconfigured to become the dam's spillway. The spillway tunnel is long, and in diameter, and is blocked by three spillway gates, each high and wide. ==Generation==
Generation
Maraetai I Water for Maraetai I is taken from Lake Maraetai at the dam, and is conveyed to the powerhouse by five steel penstocks, each long and in diameter. The water is used to turn five Vertical Francis turbine, each revolving at 167 rpm. Water is then deposited back into the Waikato River. Each of the five turbines turns a generator, each generating 36 MW of electricity at 11,000 volts. For one megawatt of electricity to be generated, of water must pass through the turbines every second. Electricity from each generator is then conveyed to a 40 MVA transformer, where the electricity is stepped-up to 220 kV for transmission. A sixth penstock is fitted to Maraetai I, which takes water to two auxiliary turbines and generators. These generators are used to generate electricity for the requirements in both Maraetai I and Maraetai II. Maraetai II Water for Maraetai II is diverted down a canal south of the dam to the powerhouse. The canal to Maraetai II is long, wide, and deep. Water is taken from the canal to the powerhouse via five steel penstocks, slightly different from Maraetai I's. The penstocks are long and in diameter. The water is used to turn five Vertical Francis turbines, revolving at a higher speed of 187 rpm. The generators at Maraetai II produce 36 MW each at 11,000 volts. This is stepped-up by 40 MVA transformers to 220 kV for transmission. ==Transmission==
Transmission
Electricity from both stations is sent to the Maraetai switchyard, between the two powerhouses. Electricity from the downstream Waipapa Power Station links into Maraetai via a single-circuit 220 kV line (MRI-WPA-A), and electricity from Maraetai and Waipapa is then transmitted to Whakamaru via two single-circuit 220 kV lines (MRI-WKM-A and MRI-WKM-B). From Whakamaru, electricity generated at Maraetai is distributed via Transpower's 220 kV grid to Hamilton, Taupō, Palmerston North, and Auckland. ==References==
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