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Crown-cardinal

A crown-cardinal was a cardinal protector of a Catholic nation, nominated or funded by its monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and, on occasion, to exercise the right claimed by some monarchs to veto a candidate for election to the papacy. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.

History
The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy See developed in the 16th century. The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals with the consistory of Pope Eugene IV on December 18, 1439 (on the heels of the election of Antipope Felix V by the Council of Basel), which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions. , one of the first crown-cardinals The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the Catholic Encyclopedia says 1424 This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512. During the reigns of Avignon Pope Clement VI and Pope Urban VI in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns. World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either became extinct or declined in power. ==Role in conclaves==
Role in conclaves
In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the jus exclusivae, that is, to veto a candidate for the papacy deemed "unacceptable" by their patron. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers and attempt, with varying degrees of success, to delay the conclave from proceeding until they received a response. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late-arriving veto instructions from France and Spain respectively. Austrian crown-cardinal Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck reached the papal conclave of 1846 too late to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX. ==List of cardinal protector crown-cardinals==
List of cardinal protector crown-cardinals
The following includes a complete list of crown cardinal-protectors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Of HungaryPietro Isvalies (1507–1511) • Giulio de Medici (?– 1523) Of Austria , crown-cardinal of Austria, was the last to exercise the jus exclusivae. Protectors: • 1523–1531: Lorenzo Pucci • 1532–1535: Giovanni Salviati • 1540–1542: Girolamo Aleandro • 1542–1555: Marcello Cervini • 1555–1580: Giovanni Girolamo Morone • 1580–1600: Andreas von Österreich • 1603–1634: Franz von Dietrichstein • 1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini • 1638–1642: Maurizio di Savoia • 1655–1667: Ernst Adalbert von HarrachFederico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector of Habsburg hereditary lands) • Antonio Barberini (1633? – 1671) • Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (1671–1698) • Giuseppe Renato Imperiali (1706–1737) • Neri Maria Corsini (1737–1770) • Mario Marefoschi (1771–1780) • Gregorio Salviati (1781–1794) • Carlo Livizzani Forni (1794–1802) Of Scotland Of France , cardinal protector of France, anointing Queen Dowager Marie de Medici in 1610 The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time, The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot in commendam of several French abbeys. There was traditionally at least one resident French cardinal in the Roman Curia during the first half of the sixteenth century, but Louis XII and Francis I chose three successive Italian cardinals as protector of France thereafter. • 1549–1572: Ippolito II d'Este • 1573–1586: Luigi d'Este • 1587–1615: François de Joyeuse • Vice-protector Arnaud d'Ossat (1599–1604) • Vice-protector François de La Rochefoucald (October 1609–May 1611) • 1616–1620: Alessandro OrsiniGuido Bentivoglio (vice-protector from 1621 until 1636) • 1518–1539: Lorenzo Campeggio • 1540–1540: Pedro Fernández Manrique • 1540–1542: Girolamo Aleander • 1542–1550: Innocenzo Cibo • 1550–1557: Juan Álvarez de Toledo • 1557–1573: Otto Truchsess von Waldburg • 1573–1600: Ludovico Madruzzo • 1603–1611: Ottavio Paravicini • 1611–1633: Scipione Borghese • 1635/36: Franz von Dietrichstein • 1636–1642: Moritz von Savoyen • 1644–1666: Girolamo Colonna • 1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt • 1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia • 1689–1701: Francesco Maria de' Medici • 1701–1707: Leopold von Kollonitsch • 1707–1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg • 1712–1725: Christian August von Sachsen-Zeitz • 1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach • 1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch • 1751–1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer • 1758–1765: vacant • 1765–1779: Alessandro Albani • 1779–1800: Franziskus Herzan von Harras Vice-protectors and co-protectors • 1517–1530: Lorenzo Pucci • 1530–1532: Wilhelm van Enkevoirt • 1534–1539: Alessandro Cesarini • 1538–1540: Girolamo Ghinucci • 1540–1542: Alessandro Farnese • 1542–1550: Juan Álvarez de Toledo • 1550–1553: Bernardino Maffei • 1557–1559: Pedro Pacheco de Villena • 1558–1568: Clemente Dolera • 1587–1593: Filippo Spinola • 1594–1600: Ottavio Paravicini • 1621–1625: Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern • 1625–1644: Giulio Savelli • 1644: Girolamo Colonna • 1664–1666: Federico Sforza (substitute protector) • Antonio Pucci (1532–1544) • Alessandro Farnese (1544–1589) • Bernardino Maffei (vice-protector 1550–1553) • Giacomo Puteo (vice-protector 1555–1563) • Giacomo Savelli (vice-protector 1563–1587) • Alessandro Peretti di Montalto (1589–1623) • Cosimo de Torres (vice-protector 1622–1623, protector 1623–1642) • Giulio Savelli (1642–1644) • Gianbattista Pamphilj (vice-protector until 1644) • Gaspare Mattei (1644–1650) • Virginio Orsini (co-protector 1647–1650, protector 1650–1676) • Pietro Vidoni (co-protector 1676, protector 1676–1681) • Carlo Barberini (1681–1704) • Annibale Albani (1712–1751) • Gian Francesco Albani (1751–1795) Of Sweden Cardinal-protectors of Sweden were appointed by king of Poland Zygmunt III Waza, who had claimed the rights to the Swedish Crown. • Odoardo Farnese (1601–1626) • Lorenzo Magalotti (1626–1637) Of Portugal • 1517–1531: Lorenzo Pucci • 1533–1544: Antonio Pucci • 1545–1564: Guido Ascanio Sforza • 1565–1572: Carlo Borromeo • 1573–1589: Alessandro Farnese • 1591–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo • 1604–1626: Odoardo Farnese • 1626–1634: Francesco Barberini • 1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini • 1657–1676: Virginio Orsini • 1676–1714: César d'Estrées • 1714–1721: Michelangelo Conti • 1739–1770: Neri Maria Corsini • 1859–1884: Camillo di Pietro • 1887–1888: Włodzimierz Czacki • 1891–1910/30: Vincenzo Vannutelli Of Savoy/Kingdom of Sardinia Protectors of the Duchy of Savoy • 1534–1537: Paolo Emilio Cesi • 1576–1594: Michele Bonelli • 1594–1621: Pietro Aldobrandini • 1621–1632: Ludovico Ludovisi • 1633–1671: Antonio Barberini • 1671–1704: Carlo Barberini Protectors of the Kingdom of Sardinia • 1727–1779: Alessandro Albani • 1819? – 1834: Giuseppe Albani • 1835–1853: Luigi Lambruschini Of Naples • 1530–1542: Alessandro Cesarini • 1544–1549: Alessandro Farnese • 1556–1564: Guido Ascanio Sforza • 1566–1574: Alessandro Sforza • 1574–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo • 1605–1608: Ascanio Colonna • 1608–1642: Girolamo Doria • 1644–1650: Gaspare Mattei • 1657–1663: Camillo Astalli • 1664–1676: Federico Sforza • 1747–1789: Domenico Orsini d'Aragona • 1789–1795: Ferdinando Spinelli • 1799–1806?: Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo Of Castile/Spain , crown-cardinal of Spain from 1582 to 1584 The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors () simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to. • 1516–1517: Francisco de Remolins • 1517–1529: Lorenzo Pucci • 1529–1534: Andrea della Valle • 1534–1563: Ercole Gonzaga • 1563–1566: Francesco Gonzaga • 1566–1574: Francisco Pacheco de Toledo • 1574–1581: Alessandro Sforza • 1582–1588: Ferdinando de' MediciFrancesco Alciati (Vice-protector circa 1569) • 1592–1599: Pedro de Deza Manuel • 1599–1601: Alessandro d'Este • 1601–1606: Francisco de Ávila • 1606–1617: Antonio Zapata y Cisneros • 1617–1632: Gaspar de Borja y Velasco • 1632–1645: Gil Carrillo de Albornoz • 1645–1666: Carlo de' MediciFederico Sforza (1664–1667, substitute protector) • 1725–1743: Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada • 1743–1747: Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona • 1748–1760: Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero Of Aragon • 1517–1531: Lorenzo Pucci • 1531–1542: Alessandro Cesarini • 1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese • 1592–1626: Odoardo Farnese • 1626–1634: Francesco Barberini • 1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia • 1645–1666: Girolamo Colonna • 1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt • 1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia • 1689–1702: Francesco Maria de' Medici Of Flanders • 1561–1572: Carlo Borromeo • 1573–1597: Marcantonio Colonna • 1597–1608: Ascanio Colonna • 1608–1633: Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese • 1633–1642: Pietro Maria Borghese • 1644–1666: Girolamo ColonnaFederico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector) • 1669–1676: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt • 1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia • 1689–1702: Francesco Maria de' Medici ==List of other national cardinal protectors==
List of other national cardinal protectors
Of SwitzerlandCarlo Borromeo (1560–1572) • Paolo Emilio Sfondrati (1591–1618) • Odoardo Farnese (1618–1626) • Francesco Barberini (1626–1679) • Laudivio Zacchia (1631–1637) • Pietro Maria Borghese (1638–1642) ==List of non-cardinal protector crown-cardinals==
List of non-cardinal protector crown-cardinals
;Of Austria • Andrew of Austria, son of Archduke Ferdinand • Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737 – August 30, 1761) • Johann Casimir Häffelin (6 April 1818 – 27 August 1827), Ambassador of Bavaria to the Holy See (since 18 November 1803), probably a de facto court bishop since 11 November 1787 (as general vicar of the Bavarian Priory of the Order of Malta) ;Of England • Charles of Guise, uncle of Mary, Queen of ScotsJean Balue, continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinal; styled as "French protector" in Rome • André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489 – November 10, 1500) ;Of Spain • Pedro González de Mendoza (May 7, 1473 – January 11, 1495) • Francisco Jiménez de CisnerosCardinal-Infante FerdinandLuis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735 – December 18, 1754) • Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756 – March 21, 1775) ;Of Tuscany • Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ==See also==
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