Palagummi Sainath believes
Jeremy Seabrook, a journalist and campaigner, first used the term. The term was used by Jonathan Benthall in an
Anthropology Today editorial in 1991 and by
John Langmore and
John Quiggin in their 1994 book
Work for All. According to economist John Quiggin, the standard features of economic fundamentalist rhetoric are
dogmatic assertions combined with the claim that anyone who holds contrary views is not a real economist. However, Kozul-Wright states in his book
The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism that the "ineluctability of market forces"
neoliberals and
conservative politicians tend to stress and their confidence on a chosen policy rest on a "mixture of implicit and hidden
assumptions, myths about the history of their own countries' economic development, and special interests camouflaged in their rhetoric of general good". The sociologists
Fred L. Block and
Margaret Somers use the label "because the term conveys the quasi-religious certainty expressed by contemporary advocates of market self-regulation".
Joseph Stiglitz used the term in his autobiographical essay in acceptance of
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to criticize some
International Monetary Fund policies, arguing: "More broadly, the IMF was advocating a set of policies which is generally referred to alternatively as the
Washington consensus, the neo-liberal doctrines, or market fundamentalism, based on an incorrect understanding of economic theory and (what I viewed) as an inadequate interpretation of the historical data". Critics of
laissez-faire policies have used the term to denote what they perceive as a misguided belief or deliberate deception that
capitalist free markets provide the greatest possible equity and prosperity, or the view that any interference with the market process decreases social well-being. Users of the term include adherents of
interventionist,
mixed economy and
protectionist positions as well as billionaires such as
George Soros; economists such as Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz and
Paul Krugman; and
Cornell University historian
Edward E. Baptist. Soros suggests that market fundamentalism includes the belief that the best interests in a given society are achieved by allowing its participants to pursue their own financial self-interest with no restraint or regulatory oversight. Critics claim that in modern society with worldwide conglomerates, or even merely large companies, the individual has no protection against fraud nor harm caused by products that maximize income by imposing
externalities on the individual consumer as well as society. Historian Edward E. Baptist contends that "unrestrained domination of market forces can sometimes amplify existing forms of oppression into something more horrific" such as
slavery and that "market fundamentalism doesn't always provide the best solution for every economic or social problem". == See also ==