Peterson was apprenticed within an Alutiiq tradition under the teaching of local midwives including
Irene Agnot. She was elected as the midwife of Akhiok after delivering 25 babies in the region. Peterson has described her cultural affiliation with the Alutiiq people simply as "Aleut", a name given to the Indigenous community by the first Russian traders to Kodiak in the 18th century. Since 1970, the Aleut culture has been officially renamed as "Alutiiq", replacing its other terms such as Sugpiaq Eskimo, Pacific Eskimo, or Koniag. As Mulchay writes in her biography of Peterson, which explores her life as well as the complexity and situational fluidity of her ethnic identity: "Kodiak Alutiiqs may identify to varying degrees with the Russian, Swedish, or other European components of their heritage, welcoming rather than explaining away that ancestry." The complexities of Alutiiq cultural life after 18th- and 19th-century Russian colonization are illustrated in an account of how Peterson commonly sang "Orthodox Christmas songs in Alutiiq and Slavonic". Peterson integrated traditional Alutiiq practices such as "keeping mothers warm and relaxed" with contemporary community nursing approaches. In Alaskan Alutiiq culture, midwives are also recognized as healers who are connected to the spiritual realm. As with Athabascans and other Alaskan Indigenous communities, birth is viewed as transcending the boundaries of human society, requiring the ceremonial attendance of a midwife who has an intimate understanding of the land and the teachings of its elders – guarded knowledges which define her expertise as a healer. Like many midwives of her time, Peterson worked within this tradition while also observing Russian Orthodoxy. == Death and legacy ==