Mary Rowe

Mary Potter Rowe attended Swarthmore College, receiving a BA in history and international relations. Rowe earned her PhD in economics at Columbia University. ==Career==

In 1973, Rowe became a Special Assistant to the President and Chancellor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Her title, initially "Special Assistant for Women and Work" became "Special Assistant to the President and Ombudsperson" when the MIT Ombuds Office was established in 1980. She worked closely with Clarence G. Williams, Special Assistant for Minority Affairs and later Ombudspersons Thomas Zgambo and Toni Robinson. In her work at MIT, Rowe became a model for the position of ombud. She was initially empowered by then-president Jerome B. Wiesner and then-Chancellor Paul E. Gray who would respond to anyone who came to her with concerns, in an impartial and confidential manner. Wiesner encouraged her not just to help individual people, but to look for flaws in the way the university worked as a system. He charged her: "Don’t let any problem happen twice." One of Rowe's techniques, "Drafting a Letter", involves drafting a private letter to a perceived offender, factually describing what had happened, their emotions relating to the incident, and a proposed remedy. Drafting such a letter helps visitors to clarify their own feelings and goals and then decide on various possible options. Rowe reported that in cases where the letter was privately sent by the writer to the addressee, this technique was highly effective in stopping specific problems. Rowe also coined the terms "micro-inequities" and "micro-affirmations" in 1973 to describe a type of interaction that was often reported to her office. She encourages the use of micro-affirmations as a way to improve institutional culture. In 1992, to better reflect its membership, the Corporate Ombudsman Association (COA) was renamed The Ombudsman Association (TOA). In July 2005, TOA joined with the university and College Ombudsman Association (UCOA, established 1985) to become the International Ombudsman Association (IOA). In 2021, it changed its name to the International Ombuds Association. Rowe started the first (private and hidden) listserv for ombuds, enabling individuals at different institutions to share advice and develop new conflict management and intervention techniques. Rowe helped to develop techniques for dealing with reports of all kinds of harassment As of 1985, Rowe additionally became an adjunct professor of Negotiation and Conflict Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management. , a special issue of the Journal of the International Ombuds Association (JIOA) focus on Rowe's contributions to the field. ==Micro-inequities and micro-affirmations==

Rowe coined the terms micro-inequities and micro-affirmations in 1973 while studying inclusion in the workplace at MIT. Rowe defined micro-inequities as "apparently small events which are often ephemeral and hard-to-prove, events which are covert, often unintentional, frequently unrecognized by the perpetrator, which occur wherever people are perceived to be different." She initially used the analogy of a "Saturn's rings phenomenon" to describe them; because the planet Saturn is surrounded by rings made of tiny bits of ice and sand that can act as a barrier to the planet. Rowe added the idea of micro-inequities to earlier seminal work by Dr. Chester Pierce about micro-aggressions, in order to include additional concerns which are perceived to be unfair. Expanded discussions appeared in 1990 as "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle Discrimination" and in 2008 as "Micro-affirmations and Micro-inequities". Rowe added the concept of unfair micro-inequities after being inspired by original research by Chester M. Pierce about microaggression, which originally focused on racism and behaviors that could easily be seen as hostile. She also credits earlier work in the same genre by Jean-Paul Sartre who wrote about small acts of anti-Semitism. A micro-affirmation, in Rowe's writing, is the reverse phenomenon. Micro-affirmations are subtle or "apparently small acts, which are often ephemeral and hard-to-see, events that are public and private, often unconscious but very effective, which occur wherever people wish to help others to succeed." They acknowledge a person's value and accomplishments. They may take the shape of public recognition of the person, "opening a door," referring positively to the work of a person, commending someone on the spot, or making a happy introduction. Apparently, "small" affirmations form the basis of successful mentoring, effective networks, successful colleague-ships and of most caring relationships. They may lead to greater self-esteem and improved performance. Rowe and others recommend the intentional practice of using micro-affirmations as a way to communicate that people are "welcome, visible, and capable" to improve academic culture for everyone involved. Rowe also studies bystander intervention. Among her recent research is an examination of the importance of bystander intervention and protective workplace systems for occupational well-being. The study involved 1,500 physicians at Stanford University School of Medicine in fall 2020. The perception that a bystander would intervene was highly important to physicians who experienced incidents of being "mistreated, harassed, or intimidated" by patients and visitors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Her work is mostly freely accessible and may be found at. ==Selected publications==

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