Meduna

As of 2014, 47% of all known bearers of the surname Meduna lived in Europe and 29% in the United States. The surname is most common in the Czech Republic, where it is held by 620 people (frequency 1:17,151). It is still predominant at the location of its 16th century origin in Chrudim (111 or 1:1,344) and Pardubice (57 or 1:3,369) districts. 13% live in the South Moravian Region, a key settlement area during the Habsburg Empire en route to today's territory of Austria. The surname reached Brazil from Europe mainly in the 19th and 20th centuries, where it has 167 occurrences. == Notable people ==

Notable people with the surname include: • Bartolomeo Meduna, Conventual Franciscan scholar and author • Melissaeus (Meduna) family of Utraquist Hussite Bohemian priests • Giovanni Battista and Tommaso Meduna, Italian architect and engineer brothers • Johann Meduna von Riedburg, ennobled officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army • Bertha von Meduna, Baroness and Chamber Woman of Archduchess Sophie of Austria • József Meduna di Montecucco, award-winning Italian-Hungarian salami maker • Ladislas J. Meduna, Hungarian psychiatrist and neuropathologist • Johann Meduna, Austrian resistance fighter against the Nazi regime • Veronika Meduna, New Zealand biologist, science journalist and writer • Alexander Meduna, theoretical computer scientist and expert on compiler design • Michal Meduna, Czech footballer • Mathew Paul Meduna, ISEF awardee in 2003 == Name and origin ==

Etymology Various similar and related etymological proposals exist for the origin of the name, yet all agree on its Celtic foundations. The second element -dun has been recognized as a continuation of the Celtic *dhūno- ('oppidum, fortified hill, castle'), in use among the Carni Gauls that penetrated and populated the region of current Veneto and Friuli between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, possibly as part of the great Celtic migration towards Pannonia and the Balkan regions. The variety of Celtic toponyms and hydronyms in the Pre-Alps suggests that the culture may have resisted in the region from the 4th century BC until complete Latinisation during the imperial era. Some of these assumed Celtic or Celticised oppida in the region have been proposed as locations of subsequent castles in the Middle Ages, including the Castello di Meduno. The hydronym of the French Mayenne river also produced the de Mayenne family name – in some sources also attested as de Meduana and de Meduno – which is, however, unrelated to the Meduna/Meduno surnames of Italian origin, beyond the shared Celtic etymological root. Another analogous toponym of Celtic origin is the name of the Istrian village of Motovun across the nearby Gulf of Trieste, derived from Montona, a 'town in the hills'. The hypothesis and interpretation of the river Meduna being "in between mountains" is based on the fact that the torrent has its source in the Carnic Pre-Alps and generates two related town names along its course: Meduno, at its downstream outlet in the high plain, and Meduna as it flows into the Livenza river. On the upper course of the stream, there are also three villages called Tramonti (Tramonti di Sopra, Tramonti di Mezzo, Tramonti di Sotto), which would constitute a direct and proper translation of the Celtic counterpart, transmitted through Latin and Friulian (attested as Tramonz in 1182) into Italian, thus making it a linguistic synonym of the word Meduna/Meduno. However, this proposal has been contested since the second part of the hydronym/toponym Meduna/Meduno (-dun) does not have a generic meaning of "mountains" and the Latin appelative mons/montes has not inherited a second semantic value of "castle/castles" in Romance dialects. Another town in the vicinity of nearby Trier, Mettendorf (according to other sources nearby Möhn), traces its name back to the locality of Villa Medona recorded in the year 768. In Insular Celtic mythology, there is mention of a goddess Medb or Maeve (in Ireland) and Mèadh (in Wales) – based on which a Celtic theonym *Medwa (as warrior goddess) has been proposed as a basis for *Medw-una, therefore dedicating the Friulan river to a Celtic deity. Localities of similar names of distinct origins include the settlement of Medun in Montenegro, the village of Medana in Slovenia, or the town of Modugno in Apulia, first mentioned as “de loco Medunio” in 1021 and deriving its toponym from the Latin Medunium ('in the middle' of Bitonto and Bari). Earliest attestations In the year 794, twenty years after Charlemagne defeated Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, and established the March of Friuli under Frankish dominance, we find the rivers Meduna and Livenza documented for the first time in a charter issued by Charlemagne (“et post hunc fluvium Medunae et aqua Medunae defluit in Liquentiam”) – six years before his coronation as Emperor of the Romans.). The hydronym Meduna proper is further attested in the year 996 in a charter issued by Holy Roman Emperor Otto III – again, as the confluence of the Meduna and Livenza rivers (“et aqua Meduna fluit in Liquencia”). In contrast, the town name of Meduno (Midun in Friulian) is grammatically masculine. It remains impossible to ascertain the temporal precedence of the two names. Midun, Midunum, Miduno and Midhuna sic!]. Similarly, the name Meduna can often be found in records as Metuna (mostly in Latin), Methuna, or Mettuna, Miduna. == Patriarchate of Aquileia ==

The recorded history of the Meduna family begins with the advent of the High Middle Ages in the territory of the March of Treviso. Castello di Meduna The castle of Meduna was built around the year 1000 on the initiative of the Patriarchs of Aquileia, probably on the foundations of a fortress that was several centuries older. The castle is considered as part of fortifications erected in response to the Hungarian raids of the preceding decades. When the castle was built, a branch of the Meduna river, after having collected the waters of the Fiume and the Sile, ran into the bed of the Sambellino. In this way the castle of Meduna was located between two large rivers: the Meduna and the Livenza. Bartolomeo Meduna is also mentioned as "reconstructor" of the castle. The remains of the medieval castle are located on the south-east side, distinguished by the sawtooth cornice under the roof and by a series of windows with a Romanesque arch from the era. Other documents of the same year mention the Patriarch's house in Meduna and the church. The jurisdiction of Meduna (Methuna) in the thirteenth century included, among other, a locality listed as “Methuna la villa”. The investiture of the fief continued to be renewed over the next centuries. Patriarch Bertoldo, as his predecessors, had granted the castle as a fief of residence to the homonymous family. Only when Gena di Meduna died without direct heirs, on 29 May 1289 the Patriarch Raimondo della Torre invested his relatives, the two brothers Emberaldo and Gabrio della Torre, with the fief. Other branches of the family continued, and by the 14th century the Meduna family were the castellans once again. In 1326 the Meduna nobles made an agreement with the lords of Panigai and tried to sell the castle to the lord of the Treviso area, Rizzardo da Camino – who already owned Motta and had particular aims on Meduna throughout his life. However, the conspiracy was discovered and, guilty of felony, the conspirators (Floramonte, Lavinio, Varnero and Nicolò di Meduna) were banished by the Patriarch in 1327. In a violent act of vendetta, Historical mentions In different historical sources the prepositions in front of the name – di, da, della, de la, and de (in Latin versions) – were often used interchangeably in relation to the same person. Titles such as D. (Don, Dominus) or Nob. (Nobile, Noble) mentioned in chronicles are omitted in the below lists (chronological, unless preceded by lineal descent). The following is a list of members of the Meduna family mentioned in historical records (until the end of the Patriarchate of Aquilea in 1420): Castello di Meduno The castle of Meduno (Medun) was erected in 1136 under the jurisdiction and upon the wishes of the Bishop of Concordia on its homonymous hill. and in 1191 as "gastaldia de Medurico (…) castro et villa Medunii" (with "Medurico" having been identified in the literature as a manurscript mistake). As with the castello di Meduna and the town of Meduna (di Livenza) further downstream, the toponym of Meduno is related to the river connecting both castles. Meduno ancestral lineage The custody of the castle was entrusted to a ministerial family or dinestemanni – a Germanic term in the oldest available documents. The entrusted nobles, the Counts of Meduno, who lived in the castle and ruled it on behalf of the diocesan Church, were vassals of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation and of the Church of Concordia. In 1312, it is documented that the castellans of Meduno were freed by the Bishop of Concordia from the "ignoble ministry of catching and arresting the thieves" they were bound by the debt of their fiefdom. They achieved this through the eloquence of their associate Thomas, thus erasing this stain from the house of Meduno. In the 1380s, the nobles of Meduno unsuccessfully sided with the Udinesi against Patriarch Philip of Alençon and Lord of Padua Francesco da Carrara, heralding their gradual decline and division within the family: Giovanni, son of Odorico di Meduno, along with his brothers and associates, rebelled and killed Giacomuzzo and Tomasutto di Meduno. In 1389 the Bishop forcefully took possession of the castle, while Giovanni resorted to an alliance with Cividale, obtaining 300 gold ducats from the community in 1392. Historical mentions The following is a list of members of the Meduno family mentioned in historical records (until extinction): == Serenissima to Risorgimento ==

During the Late Middle Ages and before the 15th century, the Meduna family had left the castle and fiefdom of their surname and settled in localities within the region, including in Pordenone and Treviso, while a branch still continued to live in Meduna in the 15th century. • Alberghetti • Albrizzi • Avanzo • Bellan • Bettini • Bondenti • Burlina • Buzzacarini • Chiandusso • Cigolotti • Cittadella (Vigodarzere) • Conducini • Domini (di Orcenigo) • Duolo • (H)Erbassica (Barbasecca) • Fabris • Fanzago • Franzani • Girardi • Grimaldi • Lechi • Locatello (Locatelli) • Lorando • Matiuzzi • Michiel • Pelizzari • Perocco • Pinali • Provaglio • Salvi • Scanagatti • Simonini (di Udine) • Zanella • Zoppola These families are not to be confused with the original (di) Meduna family that carries the toponym as their surname and established various branches descending from the ancestral lineage. Pordenone branch In the 15th century, some members of the Meduna family had moved north from their ancestral feud and became one of the most prominent and historically most recorded branches of the Meduna family under the Venetian Republic. They were the noble Meduna di Pordenone – established in this town since around 1500, they owned a palazzo at today's Corso Vittorio Emanuele II n. 17, the altar of S. Maria, a sepulchre, and several tombstones at the Cathedral of San Marco, as well as a seat in the city council of Pordenone. In the 16th century, this branch was still linked to properties in the ancestral feud of Meduna. The Mantica and Rorario families both also had their palazzos at Corso Vittorio Emanuele II. The presence of members of the Meduna family in Motta di Livenza (e.g. Bartolomeo Meduna) and Udine (e.g. Stefano Meduna) is directly linked to the Pordenone branch. The Pordenone branch is reported to have died out at the end of the 1600s, although individuals with noble titles and the name Meduna are recorded in Pordenone still in the 18th century. Giovanni Battista Meduna is buried at the San Michele Cemetery along with his wife Maria Viola (1805-1866) and their two sons Leopoldo (1837-1855) and Cesare Meduna (1841-1906), ending this particular lineage. Treviso-Castelcucco branch Another branch of the family moved south-west from their ancestral feud to Treviso, where they became citizens – attested as early as in the first decades of the 14th century (see historical mentions). This time coincides with the conspiracy attempt of the castellans of Meduna to sell the castle to Rizzardo da Camino, lord of the Treviso area, resulting in their banishment from the Meduna fief in 1327. The arrival of members of the Treviso branch in nearby Castelcucco is reported in the first decades of the 16th century. The Meduna of Castelcucco (as well as neighboring Asolo and surrounding areas) owned a mansion below that of the Montini family along the Via Lungo Muson. A splendid example of eighteenth-century artchitecture, the mansion passed from the Meduna to the Malafatti family, and in 1739 to the Perusini d'Asolo. In 1801, Naopoleon Bonaparte stayed at the villa, known today as Villa Perusini. The property subsequently passed to monsignore Pietro Basso, then the Pivetta family, then to cavaliere Lucio Pinarello at the beginning of the 20th century, subsequently to the Filippins and finally to Mr. Andreatta. For many years it was the residence of the famous writer Sergio Saviane, who died in 2001. The villa was once adorned with many surrounding gardens with fountains and water jets, which had been lost over the years. The small church of San Francesco is connected to the villa via a covered passage. In 1776, the Meduna family also obtained from the Dall'Armi family the church of San Gaetano (dating back to the 5th and 6th centuries), together with its altarpiece, along the main road in Castelcucco. It, too, passed to the Perusini in 1805, to the noble Colbertaldo family in 1875, then again to the nobles of Meduna, and then to the Colferai. In 1936, the church was sold to Antonio Signor, who subsequently donated it to the parish of Castelcucco. Historical mentions The following is a list of members of the Treviso-Castelcucco branch of the Meduna family mentioned in historical records: The first census of Italy in 1871 only records the family of Francesco Meduna, son of Severo, in Castelcucco . As mayor of Castelcucco in 1868, Francesco Meduna raised funds for the Consorzio Nazionale, established by king Victor Emmanuel II in 1866 as a fund for the amortization of national debt, as well as for the wedding of crown prince Umberto and his first cousin Margherita of Savoy. His brother Giuseppe Carlo Meduna (1821–1895) emigrated to Budapest, Hungary, in the first half of the nineteenth century, where he became an award-winning salami maker and progenitor of the Hungarian branch of the Meduna family. In Hungary, he used the noble title von Meduna, Edler v. Montecucco. Members of this branch are mentioned in several Austro-Hungarian records as Meduna di Montecucco. One of his grandchildren was renowned neuropathologist and neuropsychiatrist Ladislas J. Meduna (1896–1964). == Lands of the Bohemian Crown ==

The first record of the name Meduna outside of Italy appears in 1373 in the village of Bohuslavice, in today's Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. A certain Mixo (Mikeš, Niklaš) called Meduna and his brother Swathon (Svatoň, Šwach) bought a feudal estate (manor) from Hron of Bohuslavice. However, this appears to be a nickname rather than a family name. Meduna as a definitive hereditary surname first appears in the 16th century in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, at a time when the Protestant Reformation heralded the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe. Melissaeus priests A family of Utraquist Hussite priests appears in the second half of the 16th century in North and Central Bohemia: Jakub Melissaeus Krtský (1554–1599), Václav Melissaeus Krtský (1540–1578), and Václav Melissaeus Lounský (c. 1573–1631). Their surname "Melissaeus" is an onomastic latinisation (common in scholarly and clerical circles of the time) of the name Meduna resulting from the Ancient Greek Melisseus (Μελισσεύς), based on the local interpretation of the name being related to honey (med in Czech) or Melissa (lemon balm, meduňka in Czech). Several modern Czech sources revert to the non-Latin version and refer to the Melissaeus priests explicitly as Meduna. East-Bohemian branch When the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, the Habsburg Empire begann to reassert their power and sought to re-Catholicize the Protestant-leaning Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In order to determine where best to focus their proselytizing efforts of the Counter-Reformation, a detailed census was needed. To this end, Patents were issued in February and June of 1651 that directed the Bohemian Estates to record the names and religious denominations of all persons within their dominions on standardized forms, referred to as the List of Subjects According to Their Faith (serfs register). Historical mentions: Seč estate Of the 19 regions of Bohemia covered in the List of Subjects, a family of the name Meduna is mentioned only on the Seč estate in the East-Bohemian Chrudim District. The estate was owned in 1651 by Emanuele de Couriers, who inherited it from his father François de Couriers, a French nobleman by origin and an officer of the imperial Habsburg army. He bought Seč (in 1628) and other estates cheaply from confiscations following the Battle of White Mountain, after the previous owners who participated in the Bohemian Revolt were forced into exile.The dominions of Seč and Nasavrky (purchased by de Couriers in 1623) were among the least religiously united territories, with the share of non-Catholics exceeding 80%. Since the 17th century, this region developed as the historical epicenter of the Meduna family in the Czech lands, and to this day the name remains most prevalent in Chrudim District. Several existing branches of the Meduna family in Austria as well as the United States trace back their lineages to the East-Bohemian branch. In addition to members of the Meduna family on the Seč estate recorded three years earlier, the Berní rula mentions a Jakub Meduna from Vltava region and a Václav Meduna of Prague. Historical mentions: Prague In 1604, a certain Jakub Meduna from Borová, on the Polná-Přibyslav estate owned by Rudolf Žejdlic of Šenfeld (Seydlitz von Schönfeld), located some 30 km south of the Seč estate, was enrolled at Prague's Charles University. In 1611, he is listed as a resident of Prague. On 21 May 1643, the tailor Jan Duchoslav Karafilát bequeathed his house on Kaprova street Nr. 42 (corner of Žatecká street, on the right hand side) in Prague to his wife Kateřina Barbora. After his passing, on 17 September 1646 the widow married Václav Meduna (listed in the Berní rula), who was chamberlain (Civis S.C.M. [cum privilegio Suae Caesareae Majestatis] Cammerarius) at the tabulas regni, and transferred the house to him. The confession registers from the parish of St. Valentine in the Old Town of Prague – compiled during the re-Catholization period of the Czech lands – list Václav to be 42 years old, and his wife Kateřina 46, both Catholic. Meduna von Riedburg One notable family descending from the East-Bohemian branch were the Meduna von Riedburg, who trace back their title of nobility to Johann Meduna von Riedburg. Descendants of this family today live in Germany and Brazil, where they emigrated at the beginning of the 20th century. – a source comparable to the Bohemian Berní rula, but also in the Moravské a Slezské Urbáře (1677) and in the first local church books. The surname of his lineage and descendants has most commonly been transcribed in local records as Meduňa/Medoňa, a spelling resulting from palatal consonants in Moravian dialects (e.g. the word day analogously morphs from den in Czech to deň in Moravian). As the only recorded Meduna of his generation in this region, he is the progenitor of the South-Moravian branch of the Meduna family. His two sons Georg (Jiřík) and Jakob (Jakub) Meduňa established family lines that exist until this day, with descendant branches most prominent in the Czech Republic, Austria, the United States and Brazil. == Heraldry ==

The coat of arms of the Meduna family went through several iterations over the centuries. Neither the emblem of the ancestral feudal lords of Meduna since their origin in the 11th century until they were banished by the Patriarch in 1327, nor that of the lords of Meduno, is known. The following versions are recorded from the 16th century onwards. Both the family and their homonymous community of origin were often represented by the same coat of arms. The above coat of arms is reported to be the oldest known heraldic insignium of Meduna, found at the Sanctuary of Madonna dei Miracoli in Motta di Livenza. Goi (1993) describes the charge in the field as alla civetta in maestà accompagnata da 3 stelle (owl facing the beholder accompanied by 3 stars) and observes that the position with the enlarged claws is notable. • Perocco (of Meduna) • Pinali of Pordenone • Artico of Ceneda (north-east of Meduna di Livenza) • Simonini of Udine • a certain Pompeo Coronini of Gorizia (north-east of Aquileia) • Mendoza (of Spanish origin) • Mortari of Genoa • Lavinia of Filottrano The shared coat of arms and geographical proximity of most of these families (see for example Matteo della Meduna da Bergamo, the region of origin of the Locatelli) could indicate genealogical relations between them – despite the inheritance of different names – or a feudal relation with the community of Meduna. Some of the above, however, particularly of more remote locations or slight heraldic variations, might well be unrelated. The owl as a symbol of wisdom is also reminiscent of the iconography in the allegoric emblem of Bartolomeo Meduna: The nymph Meduna is carrying the horn of Amalthea (described as symbolizing scientific progress) and leaning against a threefold mountain of the same name. The water that springs from the mountain (the river Meduna) is described as a source wisdom – analogously to the owl atop the threefold mountain. but with the owl placed in natural position, while the two stars on the top remain unchanged, and a letter M poled with a comet on the central leg. A version parted per fess is described by Spreti: a combination of the crowned golden M on red in the upper half with a golden shield in the lower half. The parted version of the coat of arms became the default heraldic representation subsequently integrated in their coats of arms by other families invested with the jurisdiction of Meduna, for example: Finally, the below three-coloured coat of arms of Meduna is reported since the 18th century, with the traditional parted gules and or tinctures supplemented by a sable one, and without any charges. == See also ==