Before the Hungarian Conquest • 811: The Hungarians were in alliance with
Krum of Bulgaria against Emperor
Nikephoros I at the
Battle of Pliska in the Haemus Mountains (Balkan Mountains). • 861:
Saint Cyril was attacked in Crimea by Hungarians "screaming like wolves", but seeing him praying, they became peaceful. • 862: First raid of the Hungarians in the
Carpathian Basin at the request of
Rastislav of Moravia against
East Francia. • 881: Hungarian troops, helping the
Moravians, fought two battles against the Germans. • 892: Hungarian troops attacked
Great Moravia in alliance with the East Francian king
Arnulf of Carinthia. • 894 • In alliance with
Svatopluk I of Moravia, the Hungarians attacked the East Francian province of Pannonia. Svatopluk died during this war. • The Bulgarians, led by
Simeon I of Bulgaria, attacked the Byzantines, who asked for Hungarian help. A Hungarian army, led by
Liüntika, defeated the Bulgarian army in three battles (at the Danube,
Silistra and
Preslav), • 895: Simeon allied with the
Pechenegs to attack the Hungarians, forcing them to retreat west towards the
Carpathian Basin. The Hungarians then
conquered the eastern parts of the Carpathian Basin (those east of the river
Danube). Then, the Hungarians defeated the Bulgarians in Southern
Transylvania and
Tiszántúl, ending their power in the Carpathian Basin.
After the Hungarian conquest • 899: The Hungarians attacked the
Italian Kingdom, and defeated the army of
Berengar I of Italy on 24 September, in the
Battle of Brenta, burning
Modena, and attacking
Venice. Berengar agreed to pay them tribute. • 900: The Hungarians conquered
Pannonia, after their proposal of alliance to the East Francians was rejected. This was another step in the Hungarian Conquest. • 901 • The Hungarians attacked
Carinthia and Northern Italy. • April 11 or 18: The Magyar army from Carinthia was defeated by Margrave Ratold at
Laibach. • 902: The Hungarians conquered the eastern parts of Great Moravia, completing the
Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin, and began forcing the Slavs west and north of this region to pay tribute to them. • 903: A Hungarian force raiding in Bavaria was defeated near the river
Fischa. • 906: Two successive Hungarian armies devastated the
Duchy of Saxony. The Magyars were asked to come by the Slavic tribe of
Dalamancians, which had been threatened by Saxon attacks. • July–August: The Hungarians assailed Bavaria, causing great destruction and occupying many towns. Returning home, they defeated a Bavarian army at
Lengenfeld. The Hungarian-Bavarian border was then fixed on the
Enns river. • 908: Hungarians attacked Thuringia and Saxony, and on 3 August defeated in the
Battle of Eisenach the army of
Burchard, Duke of Thuringia. Burchard,
Egino, Duke of Thuringia, and
Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg, were killed in the battle. • 909 • Spring: Hungarians raided in Bavaria and Swabia. • August 4: Hungarians burned the two churches of
Freising in Bavaria. • August 11: The returning Hungarians were defeated at
Pocking by a Bavarian army led by
Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria. • 911: Hungarian troops crossed
Bavaria and attacked
Swabia and
Franconia, plundering the lands from Meinfeld to
Aargau. After that, they crossed the
Rhine, and attacked
Burgundy for the first time. • 912: Hungarians attacked Franconia and Thuringia, hoping to force the new East Francian king,
Conrad I of Germany, to pay them tribute. • 914:
Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria and his family was forced to flee to Hungary by king
Conrad I of Germany. The Hungarians promised him help to regain his throne. • 915: A Hungarian army devastated Swabia, and then Franconia. One of their plundering units attacked the
Fulda monastery but was repelled. Hungarians burned the
Abbey of Corvey and plundered the monastery St.
Ida in
Herzfeld. In Saxony, the Hungarians plundered Valun and burned
Bremen, and after defeating a Saxon army at
Eresburg, they reached the
Danish border. • Hungarians allegedly helped
Simeon I of Bulgaria to defeat the Byzantines in the great
Battle of Achelous, but their involvement was described by a single 11th-century source,
Miracula Sancti Georgii, which is inconsistent with contemporary records. • 919–920 • After the election of
Henry the Fowler as the new king of East Francia, a Hungarian army entered Germany, and defeated Henry's forces in the
Battle of Püchen, then headed west into Lotharingia and modern France. King
Charles the Simple could not gather enough forces to face them in a battle, forcing him to retreat and allow them to plunder his realm. • 921–922 • In 921, a Hungarian army led by Dursac and
Bogát entered Northern Italy, annihilating between
Brescia and
Verona, the forces of the Italian supporters of
Rudolf II of Burgundy, killing the
palatine Odelrik, and taking captive Gislebert, the count of Bergamo. • This army proceeded into southern Italy, where it wintered, and in January 922 plundered the regions between
Rome and
Naples. • February 4: The Magyar army assailed
Apulia in Southern Italy, ruled by the Byzantines. • 924 • Campaign in Italy and Southern France • Spring:
Rudolf II of Burgundy was elected king of Italy in
Pavia by the Italian insurgents . Emperor
Berengar I of Italy asked the Hungarians for aid; they sent an army led by Szalárd, which burned Pavia and the war galleys on the shores of the Ticino river. • April 7: When emperor Berengar was assassinated in Verona, the Hungarians turned towards Burgundy.
Rudolf II of Burgundy and
Hugh of Arles tried to encircle them in the passes of the
Alps, but the Hungarians escaped from the ambush, and attacked Gothia and the outskirts of
Nîmes. They returned home because a plague broke out among them. • Campaign in Saxony • Another Hungarian army plundered Saxony. The German king
Henry the Fowler retreated to the castle of
Werla. A Hungarian noble happened to be captured by the Germans, which King Henry used as an opportunity to negotiate peace with the Hungarians, agreeing to pay tribute to the
Principality of Hungary. • 926 • May 1–8: Hungarian armies entered Swabia, as allies of the new Italian king,
Hugh of Italy, besieged
Augsburg, and then occupied the
Abbey of Sankt Gallen, where they spared the life of the monk
Heribald, whose accounts give a detailed description of their traditions and way of life. From the abbey, they sent minor units to reconnoiter and plunder the surroundings, one of which killed Saint
Wiborada, who lived as anchoress in a wood nearby. • After May 8: The Magyars besieged
Konstanz, burning its outskirts and headed West in the direction of
Schaffhausen and
Basel. One group was defeated by the locals at
Säckingen on the shores of the
Rhine. However, the main Hungarian army crossed the Rhine into
Alsace with captured ships, and defeated the forces of Count Liutfred. Then, following the Rhine, they proceeded north, looting the area of
Voncq, reached the
Atlantic Ocean's shores, then returned home via
Reims. On their way home, they renewed the alliance with
Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria. • July 29: The Hungarians destroyed Oberkirchen. • 927: ? Hungarian fighters are called by King
Hugh of Italy to help Margrave Peter regain his power in Rome, against
Pope John X; this succeeded. During and after these events, they plundered
Tuscany and
Apulia, taking many captives, and occupying the cities of
Oria and
Taranto. • 931: A Hungarian army burned the Italian city of
Piacenza. • 933 • Beginning of March: Because the German king,
Henry the Fowler, refused to continue to pay tribute to the
Principality of Hungary, a Magyar army invaded Saxony from the lands of the Slavic tribe of
Dalamancians. The Hungarians split into two main groups, but the group that tried to outflank Saxony from the west was defeated by the combined forces of
Saxony and
Thuringia near
Gotha. • March 15: The other army besieged
Merseburg, but was then defeated in the
Battle of Riade by Henry the Fowler's army. • Balkans • War broke out between the Hungarians and the
Pechenegs, but a peace was concluded after news arrived of a
Bulgarian invasion of their territories being prepared in the town of W.l.n.d.r (probably
Belgrade). The Hungarians and the Pechenegs decided to attack this town. • April: The Hungarian-Pecheneg army defeated, in the
Battle of W.l.n.d.r, the relieving Byzantine-Bulgarian forces, then conquered the city, and plundered it for three days. • May–June: The allies plundered Bulgaria, then headed towards
Constantinople, where they camped for 40 days, sacking
Thrace and taking many captives. The
Byzantine Empire concluded a peace treaty with the Hungarians, ransoming the captives and agreeing to pay tribute to the
Principality of Hungary. • 935: Hungarians raided
Aquitaine and
Bourges. They returned home via Burgundy and Northern Italy, where they plundered the environs of
Brescia. • Autumn: One Hungarian group returning home was ambushed in the
Abruzzo Mountains by local forces, and lost its plunder. • 940 April: The Hungarian auxiliary troops helping
Hugh of Italy in his campaign against Rome were victorious at
Lateran against the Roman nobles, but are then defeated by the Longobards. • The Hungarians plundered the region of
Latium and defeated a sortie against them from Rome. • 943 • Balkans • Allied with the Kievan Rus, a Hungarian army invaded the
Byzantine Empire. Emperor
Romanos I Lekapenos bought peace, and agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the Hungarians. • Bavaria • The Hungarians who invaded Bavaria were defeated in the
Battle of Wels by
Berthold, Duke of Bavaria and the
Carantanians. • 948: Two Hungarian armies invaded Bavaria and Karintia. One of them was defeated at
Flozzun in Nordgau by
Henry I, Duke of Bavaria. • 949 August 9: The Hungarians defeated the Bavarians at
Laa. • 950:
Henry I, Duke of Bavaria attacked Western Hungary, taking captives and plunder. • The Hungarians plundered the regions of
Hesbaye and Carbonaria in today's
Belgium, plundered and burned the Monastery of Saint Lambert of
Hainaut, plundered the monastery of
Moorsel, and sacked the cities of
Gembloux and
Tournai. • April 2: They besieged the
Lobbes Abbey, but the monks successfully defended the monastery. However, the Hungarians burned the church of Saint Paul, and took with them the treasures of the abbey. • April 6–10: The Hungarians besieged the city of
Cambrai and burned its outskirts, but were unable to conquer the city. One of Bulcsú's relatives was killed by the defenders, who refused to return his body to the Hungarians, who responded by killing all of their captives and burning the monastery of
Saint Géry, near Cambrai. • After April 6: The Hungarians crossed the French border, plundering the lands around
Laon,
Reims, Chalon,
Metz,
Gorze. After that, they returned home via Burgundy and Northern Italy. • In
Provence, a Hungarian army
battled with Arabs from the Muslim enclave of
Fraxinet, when
Conrad I of Burgundy fell on them by surprise and defeated both armies. • 955 • Middle of July: Called by the Bavarian and Saxonian rebels, a Hungarian army led by Bulcsú,
Lehel,
Sur, and
Taksony burst into Germany, plundering Bavaria, then entered Swabia and burned many monasteries. • Beginning of August: The Hungarians began besieging
Augsburg. • August 10: The German army of
Otto I defeated the main Hungarian army and puts it to flight at the
Battle of Lechfeld. Despite the victory, the German losses were heavy, among them many nobles:
Conrad, Duke of Lorraine, Count Dietpald, Ulrich count of Aargau, the Bavarian count Berthold, etc. • August 10–11: The Germans captured Bulcsú,
Lehel, and Sur. Many Hungarians were slain in flight by the Germans. • August 15: Bulcsú, Lehel, and Sur were hanged in Regensburg, ending the Hungarian invasions of western Europe. • 958 April–May: Because in 957, the Byzantines ceased the payment of tribute, a Hungarian army, led by
Apor, invaded the empire and plundered its territories as far as Constantinople, but on its return, was defeated by the Byzantines in a night attack. • 961: A Hungarian army invaded
Thrace and
Macedonia, but was defeated in another night attack. • 968: A Hungarian force invades the Byzantine Empire, and splits into two groups. Near
Thessaloniki, one group of 300 men takes 500 Greek captives, bringing them back to Hungary. The other group of 200 men was ambushed by the Byzantines, who took 40 of them captive. Some became bodyguards of emperor
Nikephoros II Phokas. • 970:
Sviatoslav I of Kiev invaded the Byzantine Empire with Hungarian auxiliary troops. The Byzantines defeated Sviatoslav's army in the
Battle of Arcadiopolis. This concluded the Hungarian invasions of Europe. ==Tactics==