Africa In 1999, the first program for music therapy in Africa opened in Pretoria, South Africa. Research has shown that in Tanzania patients can receive palliative care for life-threatening illnesses directly after the diagnosis of these illnesses. This is different from many Western countries, because they reserve palliative care for patients who have an incurable illness. Music is also viewed differently between Africa and Western countries. In Western countries and a majority of other countries throughout the world, music is traditionally seen as entertainment whereas in many African cultures, music is used in recounting stories, celebrating life events, or sending messages.
Australia During 1949, music therapy (not clinical music therapy as understood today) was started through concerts organized by the Australian Red Cross along with a Red Cross Music Therapy Committee in Australia. The key Australian body, the Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA), was founded in 1975.
Aboriginal people One of the first groups known to heal with sound were the aboriginal people of Australia. The modern name of their healing tool is the didgeridoo, but it was originally called the yidaki. The yidaki produced sounds that are similar to the sound healing techniques used in modern day. The sound of the didgeridoo produces a low, bass frequency. For at least 40,000 years, the healing tool was believed to assist in healing "broken bones, muscle tears and illnesses of every kind". However, here are no reliable sources stating the didgeridoo's exact age. Archaeological studies of
rock art in Northern Australia suggest that the people of the
Kakadu region of the
Northern Territory have been using the didgeridoo for less than 1,000 years, based on the dating of paintings on cave walls and shelters from this period. A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the
Arnhem Land plateau, from the freshwater period (that had begun 1500 years ago) shows a didgeridoo player and two songmen participating in an Ubarr ceremony.
Canada In 1956, Fran Herman, one of Canada's music therapy pioneers, began a 'remedial music' program at the Home For Incurable Children, now known as the
Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, in Toronto. Her group 'The Wheelchair Players' continued until 1964, and is considered to be the first music therapy group project in Canada. Its production "The Emperor's Nightingale" was the subject of a documentary film. Composer/pianist Alfred Rosé, a professor at the
University of Western Ontario, also pioneered the use of music therapy in
London, Ontario, at Westminster Hospital in 1952 and at the London Psychiatric Hospital in 1956. Two other music therapy programs were initiated during the 1950s; one by Norma Sharpe at St. Thomas Psychiatric Hospital in
St. Thomas, Ontario, and the other by Thérèse Pageau at the Hôpital St-Jean-de-Dieu (now Hôpital Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine) in
Montreal. A conference in August 1974, organized by Norma Sharpe and six other music therapists, led to the founding of the Canadian Music Therapy Association, which was later renamed the Canadian Association for Music Therapy (CAMT). As of 2009, the organization had more than 500 members. Canada's first music therapy training program was founded in 1976, at Capilano College (now
Capilano University) in
North Vancouver, by Nancy McMaster and Carolyn Kenny.
China The relationship between music therapy and health has long been documented in ancient China. It is said that in ancient times, really good traditional Chinese medicine did not use acupuncture or traditional Chinese medicine, but music: at the end of a song, people were safe when they were discharged. As early as before the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the Yellow Emperor's Canon of internal medicine believed that the five tones (Palace, Shang, horn, emblem and feather) belonged to the five elements (gold, wood, water, fire and earth), and were associated with five basic emotions (joy, anger, worry, thought and fear), that is, the five chronicles. Different music such as palace, Shang, horn, micro and feather were used to target different diseases. More than 2000 years ago, the book Yue Ji also talked about the important role of music in regulating life harmony and improving health; "Zuo Zhuan" recorded the famous doctors of the state of Qin and the discussion that music can prevent and treat diseases: "there are six or seven days, the hair is colorless, the emblem is five colors, and sex produces six diseases." It is emphasized that silence should be controlled and appropriate in order to have a beneficial regulating effect on the human body; The book "the soul and the body flow, the spirit also flows"; Zhang Jingyue and
Xu Lingtai, famous medical experts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, also specially discussed phonology and medicine in the "classics with wings" and "Yuefu Chuansheng". For example, Liu Xueyu, one of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty, cured some stubborn diseases through the records of music in the Tang Dynasty. Chinese contemporary music therapy began in the 1980s. In 1984, Professor Zhang Boyuan of the Department of psychology of Peking University published the experimental report on the research of physical and mental defense of music, which was the first published scientific research article on music therapy in China. In 1986, Professor Gao Tian of Beijing Conservatory of music published his paper "Research on the relieving effect of music on pain"; In 1989, the Chinese society of therapeutics was officially established. In 1994, pukaiyuan published his monograph music therapy. In 1995, he Huajun and Lu Tingzhu published a monograph music therapy. In 2000, Zhang Hongyi edited and published fundamentals of music therapy. In 2002, fan Xinsheng edited and published music therapy. In 2007, Gao Tian edited and published the basic theory of music therapy. In short, Chinese music therapy has made rapid progress in theoretical research, literature review and clinical research. In addition, the music therapy methods under the guidance of ancient Chinese music therapy theory and traditional Chinese medicine theory with a long history have attracted worldwide attention. The prospect of Chinese music therapy is broad.
Germany The Germany Music Therapy Society defines music therapy as the "targeted use of music as part of a therapeutic relationship to restore, maintain and promote mental, physical and cognitive health []."
India The roots of musical therapy in India can be traced back to ancient Hindu mythology, Vedic texts, and local folk traditions. An example of a practice dating back to Vedic texts would be, Nada Yoga. Nada yoga has been a practice in India for a long time, and it is to heal by listening to the body's inner vibrations(Bhanu, Y. 2022). It is very possible that music therapy has been used for hundreds of years in Indian culture. In the 1990s, another dimension to this, known as Musopathy, was postulated by Indian musician Chitravina Ravikiran based on fundamental criteria derived from acoustic physics. The Indian Association of Music Therapy was established in 2010 by Dr. Dinesh C. Sharma with a motto "to use pleasant sounds in a specific manner like drug in due course of time as green medicine". He also published the
International Journal of Music Therapy (ISSN 2249-8664) to popularize and promote music therapy research on an international platform. Suvarna Nalapat has studied music therapy in the Indian context. Her books
Nadalayasindhu-Ragachikitsamrutam (2008),
Music Therapy in Management Education and Administration (2008) and
Ragachikitsa (2008) are accepted textbooks on music therapy and Indian arts. The Music Therapy Trust of India is another venture in the country. It was started by Margaret Lobo. She is the founder and director of the Otakar Kraus Music Trust and her work began in 2004.
Lebanon In 2006, Hamda Farhat introduced music therapy to Lebanon, developing and inventing therapeutic methods such as
the triple method to treat hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, addiction, and post traumatic stress disorder. She has met with great success in working with many international organizations, and in the training of therapists, educators, and doctors. The Lebanese Association Of Music Therapy L.A.M.T ref number 65 is the only reference at Lebanon, the president Dr Hamda farhat, members administer Dr Antoine chartouni, Dr Elia Francis Safi TRAINING and Formation
Norway Norway is recognized as an important country for music therapy research. Its two major research centers are the Center for Music and Health with the
Norwegian Academy of Music in
Oslo, and the
Grieg Academy Centre for Music Therapy (GAMUT), at
University of Bergen. The former was mostly developed by professor Even Ruud, while professor Brynjulf Stige is largely responsible for cultivating the latter. The center in
Bergen has 18 staff, including 2 professors and 4 associate professors, as well as lecturers and PhD students. Two of the field's major international research journals are based in Bergen:
Nordic Journal for Music Therapy and
Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy. Norway's main contribution to the field is mostly in the area of "community music therapy", which tends to be as much oriented toward
social work as individual
psychotherapy, and music therapy research from this country uses a wide variety of methods to examine diverse methods across an array of social contexts, including community centers, medical clinics, retirement homes, and prisons.
Nigeria The origins of Musical therapy practices in
Nigeria is unknown, however the country is identified to have a lengthy lineage and history of musical therapy being utilized throughout the culture. The most common people associated with music therapy are herbalists,
Witch doctors, and faith healers according to Professor Charles O. Aluede of
Ambrose Alli University (Ekpoma, Edo State,
Nigeria). Applying music and thematic sounds to the healing process is believed to help the patient overcome true sickness in his/her mind which then will seemingly cure the disease. Another practice involving music is called "Igbeuku", a religious practice performed by faith healers. In the practice of Igbeuku, patients are persuaded to confess their sins which cause themselves serve discomfort. Following a confession, patients feel emotionally relieved because the priest has announced them clean and subjected them to a rigorous dancing exercise. The dancing exercise is a "thank you" for the healing and tribute to the spiritual greater beings. The dance is accompanied by music and can be included among the unorthodox medical practices of Nigerian culture. While most of the music therapy practices come in the medical field, musical therapy is often used in the passing of a loved one. The use of song and dance in a funeral setting is very common across the continent but especially in
Nigeria. Songs allude to the idea the finally resting place is Hades (
hell). The music helps alleviate the sorrows felt by the family members and friends of the lost loved one. Along with music therapy being a practice for funeral events, it is also implemented to those dying as a last resort tactic of healing. The Esan of Edo State of Nigeria, in particular, herbalists perform practices with an Oko – a small
aerophone made of elephant tusk which is blown into dying patients' ears to resuscitate them.
Nigeria is full of interesting cultural practices in which contribute a lot to the music therapy world.
South Africa There are longstanding traditions of music healing, which in some ways may be very different than music therapy. Mercédès Pavlicevic (1955–2018), an international music therapist, along with Kobie Temmingh, pioneered the music therapy program at the University of Pretoria, which debuted with a master's degree program in 1999. She noted the differences in longstanding traditions and other ways of viewing healing or music. A Nigerian colleague felt "that music in Africa is healing, and what is music therapy other than some colonial import?" South Africa was selected to host the 16th World Congress of Music Therapy in July 2020, a triennial
World Federation of Music Therapy event. Due to the coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2) the congress was moved to an online event.
United States History From a western viewpoint, music therapy in the 20th and 21st centuries (as of 2021), as an evidence-based, allied healthcare profession, grew out of the aftermath of World Wars I and II, when, particularly in the United Kingdom and United States, musicians would travel to hospitals and play music for soldiers suffering from with war-related emotional and physical trauma. Using music to treat the mental and physical ailments of active duty military and veterans was not new. Its use was recorded during the U.S. Civil War and
Florence Nightingale used it a decade earlier in the
Crimean War. Despite research data, observations by doctors and nurses, praise from patients, and willing musicians, it was difficult to vastly increase music therapy services or establish lasting music therapy education programs or organizations in the early 20th century. In 1956, the first music therapy credential in the US, Registered Music Therapist (RMT), was instituted by the NAMT. and the American Association for Music Therapy (AAMT, founded in 1971).
Required credentials for licenses The states of Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, North Dakota, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Virginia have established licenses for music therapists, while in Wisconsin, music therapists must be registered, and in Utah hold state certification. The states of California and Connecticut have title protection After successful completion of educational requirements, including internship, music therapists can apply to take, take, and pass the Board Certification Examination in Music Therapy. The current national credential is MT-BC (Music Therapist-Board Certified). It is not required in all states. To be eligible to apply to take the Board Certification Examination in Music Therapy, an individual must successfully complete a music therapy degree from a program accredited by AMTA at a college or university (or have a bachelor's degree and complete all of the music therapy course requirements from an accredited program), which includes successfully completing a music therapy internship. To maintain the credential, 100 units of continuing education must be completed every five years. The board exam is created by and administered through The Certification Board for Music Therapists.
United Kingdom Live music was used in hospitals after both World Wars as part of the treatment program for recovering soldiers. Clinical music therapy in Britain as it is understood today was pioneered in the 1960s and 1970s by French cellist
Juliette Alvin whose influence on the current generation of British music therapy lecturers remains strong.
Mary Priestley, one of Juliette Alvin's students, created "analytical music therapy". The
Nordoff-Robbins approach to music therapy developed from the work of
Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins in the 1950/60s. Practitioners are registered with the Health Professions Council and, starting from 2007, new registrants must normally hold a master's degree in music therapy. There are master's level programs in music therapy in
Manchester,
Bristol,
Cambridge,
South Wales,
Edinburgh and
London, and there are therapists throughout the UK. The professional body in the UK is the British Association for Music Therapy. In 2002, the World Congress of Music Therapy, coordinated and promoted by the
World Federation of Music Therapy, was held in
Oxford on the theme of Dialogue and Debate. In November 2006, Dr. Michael J. Crawford and his colleagues again found that music therapy helped the outcomes of
schizophrenic patients.
USSR The beneficial effects of music on people are mentioned in the works of several doctors and scientists who lived in the
Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (academician
I. M. Sechenov, physiologist
I. R. Tarkhanov, psychiatrist I. S. Konstorum and others). In the USSR, the "Adjaria" sanatorium was built on the
Black Sea coast near the city of
Batumi, where listening to birdsong recorded on
vinyl records was an element of treatment for patients with insomnia and nervous disorders. In 1959, it was observed that during dental treatment, patients behave more calmly if the noise of the
dental drill is drowned out by other sounds. In 1966, dentists at the
S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy developed the first prototype of the ZVAN device - it was a multi-channel stereo tape recorder that had the most effective soothing sound set (it was the sound of a waterfall and several melodies). By 1973, several ZVAN devices had been produced, which were used in the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy and several dental clinics in
Leningrad. == Military ==