Messerschmitt Me 262 variants

Messerschmitt began work on a single-seat jet-powered fighter before the start of World War II. The initial design was known as Projekt 1070 (P.1070). A twin-engined straight-wing design, the P.1070 was canceled in favor of the similar P.65. The P.65 was designed with a straight wing, similar to the P.1070, as well as an unswept vertical stabilizer. The prototypes were to be powered by two BMW 003 (P.3302) turbojet engines, while production aircraft would have had two BMW P.3304 engines. Messerschmitt later redesigned the P.65 with swept wings and tail surfaces as the P.1065, which was to have conventional landing gear and be armed with three MG 151 cannons with 250 rounds each. As of July 1940, the RLM ordered 20 prototypes of the P.1065 and planned to take delivery of the first aircraft by September of that year. Engine troubles continued to plague the Me 262 even after the switch to the Jumo 004. While airframe modifications were completed in 1942, a lack of engines meant that serial production did not begin until 1944. Summary of Me 262 prototypes • P.1065 V1, first prototype, initially powered by a single Jumo 210G in the nose, but later fitted with two BMW P.3302 turbojet engines. Redesignated Me 262 V1 in April 1941. • P.1065 V2, second prototype, intended to be powered by BMW P.3302 engines, but fitted with Jumo 004A engines instead. Redesignated Me 262 V2 in April 1941. • Me 262 V3, third prototype, first to be fitted with Jumo 004A engines. • Me 262 V4, prototype with Jumo 004A engines. • Me 262 V5, prototype with Jumo 004A engines and fixed tricycle landing gear. • Me 262 V6, prototype for the production Me 262A with retractable tricycle landing gear and Jumo 004B-1 engines. • Me 262 V7, prototype with Jumo 004A engines and a pressurized cockpit. • Me 262 V8, prototype with Jumo 004A engines and four 30 mm MK 108 cannons in the nose. • Me 262 V9, prototype with Jumo 004A engines used for testing radio equipment. • Me 262 V10, prototype with Jumo 004A engines with two bomb pylons under the wings and RATO gear. • Me 262 V12, streamlined high-speed prototype. == Early variant drawings ==

Messerschmitt released a report on September 11, 1943 featuring drawings of multiple proposed variants and derivatives of the production Me 262. Some of these proposals were later built in prototype form. • Jäger, main production variant. • Jäger A1, fighter version, became the Me 262A-1. • Jäger u.Jabo, fighter-bomber version, became the Me 262A-2. • Interzeptor, variant with liquid-propellant rocket engines complementing or replacing the jet engines. • Interzeptor I, with single Walter HWK RII-211 rocket engine in the tail, became the Me 262C-1. • Interzeptor II, with BMW 003R combined-thrust turbojet engines with built-in BMW 109-718 rockets, became the Me 262C-2. • Interzeptor III, with Walter HWK 109-509 rockets replacing the jet engines entirely, became the Me 262C-3. • Schnellbomber, pure bomber variant. • Schnellbomber I, similar to Jäger u.Jabo, but with guns removed and increased fuel capacity. • Schnellbomber Ia, with lengthened fuselage featuring increased fuel capacity and cockpit moved to the nose. • Schnellbomber II, with enlarged fuselage featuring increased fuel capacity and internal bomb load. • Aufklärer, reconnaissance variant. • Aufklärer I, similar to Jäger, but with guns replaced with cameras. • Aufklärer Ia, similar to Schnellbomber Ia, but with cameras in the rear fuselage. • Aufklärer II, similar to Schnellbomber II, but with cameras in the nose. • Schulflugzeug, two-seat trainer variant, became the Me 262B-1. • Panzerflugzeug, armored ground-attack variant, became the Me 262A-3. • Panzerflugzeug I • Panzerflugzeug II == Me 262A ==

Pre-production, A-0 Sixteen pre-production aircraft were ordered before the V6 prototype first flew. Delivery of these aircraft, designated Me 262A-0, were delayed by a shortage of engines. They were eventually delivered in April 1944, with an additional seven being delivered the following month for a total of 23 aircraft. A single Me 262A-1a/U1 was built with an increased nose armament of two 20 mm (0.787 in) MG 151 cannons, two 30 mm (1.181 in) MK 103 cannons, and two 30 mm (1.181 in) MK 108 cannons. A single night fighter prototype was built at the Me 262A-1a/U2 with FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 90 MHz radar transceiver and a Hirschgeweih (stag's antlers) antenna array. The Me 262A-1a/U5 was a heavy fighter prototype with six MK 108 cannons in the nose. One aircraft was fitted with a TSA bombsight as the Me 262A-2a/U1. • /R1, underfuselage pylon for 500 L (110.0 imp gal; 132.1 US gal) external fuel tank. • /R2, RATO installation for two Rheinmetall 109-502 solid rocket engines. • /R3, BMW 003R rocket boosted turbojet installation. • /R4, installation of the FuG 350 Zc Naxos radar warning receiver/detector. • /R5, standard 4x MK 108 cannon installation. • /R6, Jabo (JagdBomber) equipment, such as bombsights and bomb racks. • /R7, underwing installation of 12x R4M rockets carried on wooden racks. • /R8, R110BS air-to-air rocket installation. • /R9, Ruhrstahl X-4 air-to-air missile installation. == Me 262B ==

The need for a jet-powered trainer for the Luftwaffe led Messerschmitt to develop the dual-control Me 262B-1a. The B-1a was similar to the A-1a, but had a second seat in place of the rear fuel tank. Provisions for external fuel tanks were provided to extend the range. Only 15 B-1a trainers were built, with some being modified as Me 262B-1a/U1 night fighters. The B-1a/U1 was equipped with a FuG 218 Neptun radar and was armed with two MK 108 and two MG 151 cannons. Operationally, the radar's antenna proved to be a source of drag, but the B-1a/U1 could still outrun the de Havilland Mosquito. The success of the Me 262B-1a/U1 led to the development of the Me 262B-2a, a dedicated night fighter. The B-2a had a stretched fuselage with increased fuel capacity and was to be armed with two upward-facing MK 108 cannons in a Schräge Musik configuration behind the cockpit. Early models were to have been fitted with a Neptun radar with "antler" antennas, but later production aircraft would have been fitted with a FuG 240 Berlin with an internal antenna. Only one prototype was built before the war ended. == Me 262C ==

The Me 262C home defense fighter was developed from the Interzeptor series of proposals from the September 1943 report. The first variant was the Me 262C-1a, also known as Heimatschützer I, which was developed from Interzeptor I. The C-1a was similar to the A-1a, but had a Walter HWK 109-509A-1 rocket engine housed in the tail. A single prototype was built from an A-1a, which first flew under turbojet power on October 16, 1944. The first flight under rocket power was conducted on February 27, 1945. The C-1a prototype piloted by Major Heinrich Bär reportedly intercepted and shot down a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. However, the internal mounting of the rocket engine limited internal fuel storage for the turbojets and made servicing the rocket difficult. A single prototype of the Me 262C-2b (Heimatschützer II) was converted from an A-1a. Based on the Interzeptor II proposal, the C-2b was powered by two BMW 003R mixed-power turbojets; a combination of a BMW 003A turbojet and a BMW 109-718 rocket engine. The C-2b, piloted by Karl Baur, made its only flight in March 1945. The second, Heimatschützer IV or Me 262C-3a, retained its turbojets and was to be fitted with a jettisonable Walter HWK 109-509S-2 and fuel tanks under the fuselage. Construction of the prototype was started before the end of the war, but problems with the installation of the rocket engine meant that it could not be finished before the factory was overrun by Allied forces in April 1945. == Me 262 HG ==

In April 1941, Adolf Busemann proposed that a 35° swept wing be fitted to the Me 262. Although this was not implemented, it did lead to the development of the Hochgeschwindigkeit ("high-speed") project to improve the Me 262's speed. In 1944, the Me 262 V8 prototype was modified with a low profile canopy, known as the Rennkabine ("racing cabin"), as the Hochgeschwindigkeit I, or Me 262 HG I. The more radical Hochgeschwindigkeit II (Me 262 HG II) proposal was to feature a new 35° swept wing with engines moved closer to the fuselage and a V-tail, though this was changed back to a conventional tail after wind tunnel tests showed that the V-tail was unstable. The Hochgeschwindigkeit III (Me 262 HG III) was to have a 45° swept wing and Heinkel HeS 011 engines in the wing roots. Neither of these projects were built. == Late-war proposals ==

The Me 262D-1 was a proposed Zerstörer variant. It was to be armed with twelve SG 500 Jagdfaust recoilless rifles in the nose, which were meant to be fired from under an enemy bomber. The Me 262E-2 was a proposed rocket-armed variant with a total of 48 R4M rockets; 12 on each wing and 24 in the nose. == Proposed derivatives ==

P.1099 Proposed in January 1944 as a multirole development of the Me 262, the P.1099 was based on the Schnellbomber Ia concept from 1943. Two variants were proposed, the P.1099A and P.1099B. The P.1099A was to have the wings and tail of the Me 262A-2a, but with an enlarged fuselage and two-wheel main undercarriage. Two crew were to sit in an enlarged cockpit in the front of the aircraft, and it was to be powered by two Jumo 004C engines. A total of five different armament configurations were proposed, which are detailed in the table below. The similar P.1099B featured a redesigned cockpit housing two or three crew. Three armament configurations were proposed, including some with defensive armament in barbettes. P.1100 Based on the P.1099, the P.1100 was a proposed bomber development of the Me 262. Two different designs were proposed, with the P.1100/I sharing the same layout as the P.1099 but with an internal bomb bay capable of carrying a 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) bomb. It was to be crewed by a pilot and a navigator/bombardier, with the pilot sitting in an offset cockpit. Power was to be provided by two Jumo 004C turbojets, with plans to upgrade to Heinkel HeS 011 engines later on. No defensive armament was planned for this variant. The P.1100/II was to have the swept wings and engines of the Me 262 HG III and be crewed by two in the cockpit. Multiple defensive armament configurations were proposed. Despite interest from the RLM, both the P.1099 and P.1100 were canceled in 1945 due to fears that they would be underpowered. == Avia S-92 Turbina ==

in Prague. During the later stages of the war, production of the Me 262 was carried out by factories in German-occupied Czechoslovakia. After the end of the war in Europe, no airworthy Me 262s were left in the country, with all either being destroyed by retreating German forces or confiscated by the former Allied powers. However, the Czech factories still had the necessary equipment to build new aircraft. Although there was initially insufficient documentation to replicate the Me 262, the missing plans were obtained from an American aviation magazine. Avia was charged with continuing production of the Me 262 post-war under the designation S-92, nicknamed "Turbina". The Turbina was built in two variants; the single-seat S-92 and the two-seat CS-92. The first two prototypes were designated S-92.1 and S-92.2, with the former making its first flight on October 24, 1946. Most Turbina aircraft were powered by a pair of Avia M-04 turbojets (locally produced Jumo 004s), though one prototype, S-92.7, was powered by a pair of BMW 003s. Only nine S-92s and three CS-92s were built, and by the early 1950s they were outclassed by more modern fighters and were soon replaced by newer Soviet jets. == Reproductions ==

Five Me 262 reproductions were built by the Me 262 Project. These reproductions are faithful to the original aircraft, but have several upgrades to improve safety. These upgrades include strengthened landing gear and improved brakes, and power was provided by two modern General Electric CJ610 turbojets in place of the less reliable Jumo 004. The change in engine led to these reproductions using the "c" suffix in place of the "a" and "b" suffixes used for Jumo 004-powered and BMW 003-powered wartime variants, respectively. The aircraft were built in three models; the single-seat Me 262A-1c, the two-seat Me 262B-1c, and the interchangeable one/two-seat Me 262A/B-1c. The first reproduction, an Me 262B-1c, made its first flight on December 20, 2002. == Summary of Me 262 variants ==

• Me 262A, single-seat variant. • Me 262A-0, pre-production aircraft based on the V6 prototype. • Me 262A-1a, main fighter variant with Jumo 004B-1 engines. • Me 262A-1a/U1, up-gunned prototype with two MG 151, two MK 103, and two MK 108 cannons. One built. • Me 262A-1a/U2, night-fighter prototype with a FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 90 MHz radar transceiver. One built. • Me 262A-1a/U3, unarmed reconnaissance modification with two Rb 20/30 cameras or one Rb 20/20 and one Rb 75/30 camera. • Me 262A-1a/U4, bomber destroyer prototypes with a single BK-5 or MK 214A cannon. Two built. • Me 262A-1a/U5, heavy fighter prototype with six MK 108 cannons. • Me 262A-1b, fighter prototype with BMW 003A engines. Three built. • Me 262A-2a, fighter-bomber variant. • Me 262A-2a/U1, prototype with improved bombsight. One built. • Me 262A-2a/U2, prototype with glazed nose for bombardier. Two built. • Me 262A-3a, proposed ground-attack variant. None built. • Me 262A-4a, unarmed reconnaissance variant. • Me 262A-5a, armed reconnaissance variant. • Me 262B, two-seat variant. • Me 262B-1a, trainer variant based on the Me 262A-1a. 15 built. • Me 262B-1a/U1, night fighter modification with an FuG 218 Neptun radar and armed with two MK 108 and two MG 151 cannons. • Me 262B-2a, dedicated night fighter variant with an FuG 218 Neptun or FuG 240 Berlin radar and two Schräge Musik MK 108 cannons. One built. • Me 262C, mixed or rocket-powered interceptor. • Me 262C-1a, A-1a with Walter HWK 109-509A-1 rocket engine in the tail. One built. • Me 262C-2b, powered by two BMW 003R mixed turbojet/rocket engines. One built. • Me 262C-3, proposed pure rocket-powered variant with Walter HWK RII-211 rocket engines in place of the turbojets. • Me 262C-3a, proposed turbojet-powered variant with jettisonable HWK 109-509S-2 rocket engine. • Me 262D, Zerstörer variant. • Me 262D-1, proposed variant armed with twelve SG 500 Jagdfaust recoilless rifles. • Me 262E, ground attack variant. • Me 262E-1, variant armed with a single MK 114 cannon. Four prototypes converted from Me 262A-1as. • Me 262E-2, proposed variant armed with 48 R4M rockets. • Me 262W, pulsejet-powered variant. • Me 262W-1, proposed variant powered by two Argus As 014 engines. • Me 262W-3, proposed variant powered by two Argus As 044 engines. • Me 262 HG I, V9 prototype with a low profile Rennkabine canopy. • Me 262 HG II, proposed variant with a 35° wing sweep. • Me 262 HG III, proposed variant with a 45° wing sweep and Heinkel HeS 011 engines. • Me 262 Lorin, proposed variant with two Lorin ramjets complementing the turbojet engines. • Me 262A-1c, modern reproduction of the Me 262A-1a with General Electric CJ610 turbojets. One built. • Me 262B-1c, modern reproduction of the Me 262B-1a with General Electric CJ610 turbojets. Two built. • Me 262A/B-1c, modern reproduction with General Electric CJ610 turbojets, convertible between single and two-seat configurations. Two built. • S-92, Czech variant of the Me 262A-1a with Avia M-04 turbojets. Nine built. • S-92.1, designation of the first prototype. • S-92.2, designation of the second prototype. • S-92.7, prototype with BMW 003 turbojets. • CS-92, two-seat variant of the S-92. Three built. == References ==