Shallow column station station of the
New York City Subway (shallow column station) The
shallow column station is a type of construction of subway stations, with the distinguishing feature being an abundance of supplementary supports for the underground cavity. Most designs employ metal columns or concrete and steel columns arranged in lines parallel to the long axis of the station. Stations can be double-span with a single row of columns, triple-span with two rows of columns, or multi-span. The typical shallow column station in Russia is triple-span, assembled from concrete and steel, and is from 102 to 164 metres in length with a column spacing of 4–6 m. Along with the typical stations, there are also specially built stations. For example, one of the spans may be replaced with a monolithic vault (as in the
Moskovskaya station of the
Samara Metro or
Sibirskaya of the
Novosibirsk Metro). In some cases, one of the rows of columns may be replaced with a load-bearing wall. Such a dual hall, one-span station,
Kashirskaya, was constructed to provide a convenient cross-platform transfer. Recently, stations have appeared with monolithic concrete and steel instead of assembled pieces, as
Ploshchad Tukaya in
Kazan. The typical shallow column station has two vestibules at both ends of the station, most often combined with below-street crossings. For many metro systems outside Russia, the typical column station is a two-span station with metal columns, as in New York City, Berlin, and others. In Chicago, underground stations of the
Chicago 'L' are three-span stations if constructed with a centre platform. In the
Moscow Metro, approximately half of the stations are of shallow depth, built in the 1960s and 1970s, but in
Saint Petersburg, because of the difficult soil conditions and dense building in the centre of the city this was impossible. The
Saint Petersburg Metro has only five shallow-depth stations altogether, with three of them having the column design:
Avtovo,
Leninsky Prospekt, and
Prospekt Veteranov. The first of these is less typical, as it is buried at a significant depth, and has only one surface vestibule.
Deep column station station of the Saint Petersburg Metro (deep column station) A
deep column station is a type of
subway station consisting of a central hall with two side halls connected by ring-like passages between a row of columns. Depending on the type of station, the rings transmit load to the columns either by "wedged arches" or through
Purlins, forming a "column-purlin complex". The fundamental advantage of the column station is the significantly greater connection between the halls, compared with a
pylon station. The first deep column station in the world is
Mayakovskaya, opened in 1938 in Moscow. One variety of column station is the "column-wall station". In such stations, some of the spaces between the columns are replaced with walls. In this way, the resistance to earth pressure is improved in difficult ground environments. Examples of such stations in Moscow are
Krestyanskaya Zastava and
Dubrovka. In
Saint Petersburg,
Komendantsky Prospekt is an example.
Pylon station , Prague Metro (Pylon station) The
pylon station is a type of deep underground
subway station. The basic distinguishing characteristic of the pylon station is the manner of division of the central hall from the station tunnels The pylon station consists of three separate halls, separated from each other by a row of pylons with passages between them. The independence of the halls allows the
architectural form of the central and side halls to be differentiated. This is especially characteristic in the non-metro
Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station, constructed as a pylon station due to its 80-meter depth, where the platform halls are built to superficially resemble an outdoor train station. Building stations of the pylon type is preferable in difficult geological situations, as such a station is better able to oppose earth pressure. However, the limited number of narrow passages limits the throughput between the halls. The pylon station was the earliest type of deep underground station. One variation is the so-called London-style station. In such stations the central hall is reduced to the size of an anteroom, leading to the inclined walkway or elevators. In some cases the anteroom is also the base of the escalators. In the countries of the former
USSR there is currently only one such station:
Arsenalna in
Kyiv. In Jerusalem, two planned underground heavy rail stations,
Jerusalem–Central and
Jerusalem–Khan, will be built this way. In Moscow, there were such stations, but they have since been rebuilt:
Lubyanka and
Chistiye Prudy are now ordinary pylon stations, and
Paveletskaya-Radialnaya is now a column station. In the
Moscow Metro, typical pylon station are
Kievskaya-Koltsevaya,
Smolenskaya of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line,
Oktyabrskaya-Koltsevaya, and others. In the
Saint Petersburg Metro, pylon stations include
Ploshchad Lenina,
Pushkinskaya,
Narvskaya,
Gorkovskaya,
Moskovskie Vorota, and others.
Single-vault station ,
Washington Metro (single-vault station) The construction of a single-vault station consists of a single wide and high underground hall, in which there is only one
vault (hence the name). The first single-vault stations were built in
New York City and opened in 1906:
168th Street (IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line) and
181st Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line). Several decades later, the first two-level single-vault transfer stations were opened in Washington DC in 1976:
L'Enfant Plaza,
Metro Center and
Gallery Place. In the
Moscow Metro there is only one deep underground single-vault station,
Timiryazevskaya, in addition to several single-vault stations at shallow depth. In the
Nizhny Novgorod Metro there are four such stations:
Park Kultury,
Leninskaya,
Chkalovskaya and
Kanavinskaya. In the
Saint Petersburg Metro all single-vault stations are deep underground, for example
Ozerki,
Chornaya Rechka,
Obukhovo,
Chkalovskaya, and others. Most of the underground stations of the
Washington, D.C.'s Metro system are single-vault designs, as are all the single-line vaulted stations in the
Montreal Metro. In
Prague Metro, there are two underground stations built as single-vault,
Kobylisy and
Petřiny. In the
Bucharest Metro,
Titan station is built in this method.
Cavern station ,
Stockholm Metro (cavern station) The
cavern station is a metro station built directly inside a
cavern. Many stations of the
Stockholm Metro, especially on the Blue line, were built in man-made caverns; instead of being enclosed in a tunnel, these stations are built to expose the bedrock in which they are excavated. The Stockholm Metro also has a depot facility built in a cavern system. In the
United States, an example of a cavern station can be found at
Peachtree Center station on the
MARTA rail system in
Atlanta. In the
Hong Kong MTR, examples of stations built into caverns include
Tai Koo station on
Hong Kong Island, Other examples in the city include Sai Wan Ho, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong University and Lei Tung stations. ==Records==