The Mutual Defense Assistance Act created the (MDAP), which became an integral component in the federal government's policy of containment of Soviet expansion. This program differed from the World War II-era
Lend-Lease program in that it never needed refunding from the country that benefits any military assistance. Between 1950 and 1967, $33.4 billion in arms and services and $3.3 billion worth of surplus weaponry were provided under the program. This included sixteen
Boeing B-29 strategic bombers, the first of which deployed to RAF Marham in East Anglia, in March 1950.
Europe: NATO ) was the direct result of the revival of the late 1940s US armament modernization program framed by the MDAA in 1956 tank provided to
Francoist Spain under NATO's MAP On 4 April 1949, the foreign ministers from 12 countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty at the Departmental Auditorium in Washington D.C.: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Provision for enlargement was, however, given by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which states that membership is open to any "European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area". •
Belgium and the
Netherlands •
Denmark and
Norway •
France :Massive support was negotiated with France from 1950 to 1954 when the
French Union fought the Chinese and Soviet-backed
Viet Minh during the
First Indochina War. Support included substantial financial aid, material supply from the
U.S. Army (
uniforms,
helmets,
rifles,
tanks), US Navy (aircraft carriers such as
Belleau Wood/Bois Belleau), the
U.S. Air Force (twelve Fairchild C-119, fighters, bombers, and maintenance crews) and the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (twenty four pilots of the
Civil Air Transport) from which two pilots were killed in action during the battle of
Dien Bien Phu. :American military support to France's rearmament lasted well into the 1950s, the French receiving furthermore equipment including
M46 Pattons,
F-84 Thunderjet, etc. but the divergence between the United States and the Anglo-French alliance during the
Suez Crisis was to have decisive consequences on France-NATO relationships. Whereas the damage done to Anglo-American relations was quickly repaired, in the case of France, the situation remained more complex. France started to express reservations about the direction of Allied policy and U.S. leadership and, following his election as President in 1958, General
Charles de Gaulle, in particular, made clear his dissatisfaction with aspects of this US prominent role, as well as, more specifically, with NATO's nuclear policy and
NATO Military Command Structure. Although France was one of the very founding members of the Atlantic Alliance, President Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from NATO's military structure in 1966 in protest over American dominance of the Atlantic Alliance. •
Germany •
Greece •
Italy •
Portugal :On 4 April 1949, José Caeiro da Matta, Portuguese Minister for Foreign Affairs, signed the North Atlantic Treaty. •
Spain •
Turkey Asia • Indochinese Peninsula after independence :
Vietnam,
Laos, .. •
Iran •
Japan :On 8 September 1951, the United States and Japan signed the Mutual Security Treaty, which stationed U.S. troops on Japanese soil for the defense of Japan following the eruption of the Korean War. On 8 March 1954, both countries signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement (activated on 1 May 1954), focusing on defense assistance. It allowed for the presence of U.S. armed forces in Japan for the purpose of peace and security while encouraging Japan to take on more responsibility for its own defense, rearming in a manner suited for defensive purposes. •
Pakistan: and President
JF Kennedy's motorcade in 1961 at
Mauripur During the
Korean War, Pakistan sided with the
West in their fight against
communism. By joining the
CENTO &
SEATO alliances, Pakistan officially became a
Major non-NATO ally of the US under which it received aid financially and militarily through the Mutual Defense Assistance program to defend herself from
Afghanistan and
India which were being supported by the
Soviets.
Nonaligned countries , Serbia. The MDAA caused both a great deal of friction with the non-aligned countries and opportunities to tighten geopolitical relations with western countries and especially the United States. •
India :India refused to accept any American-imposed limits on its trade and proceeded with shipments of
Thorium nitrate to
China. Realizing that cutting off all aid to India would do more harm than good,
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles negotiated a solution. •
Indonesia •
Yugoslavia: :Up to the early 1960s, the
Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) had a large arsenal of German equipment, planes, and armor captured during the war, western materiel donated by the USA and Great Britain, as well as Soviet equipment. :Despite
Josip Broz Tito's firm adherence to communism, because of the ideological and personal conflict with
Joseph Stalin, the
Soviet Union—and thereafter all the
Warsaw Pact's pro-Soviet governments—denounced his treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia on September 27, 1949. During this period, Yugoslavia perceived a serious threat of intervention by its former allies and thus accepted American and British offers of assistance. Discussions even took place regarding Yugoslavia's possible inclusion in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Consequently, the Yugoslav armed forces received standard NATO military equipment and arms during this period, such as the
North American F-86 Sabre and
Republic F-84 Thunderjet jet fighters, and
M36 Jackson and
M18 Hellcat tank destroyers. After Stalin's death and the political and ideological reconciliation with the Soviet Union, the Yugoslav People's Army later exclusively imported their equipment from the USSR when not sourcing it internally. ==Notes==