Mille Lacs Lake

Mille Lacs is Minnesota's second-largest inland lake at , after Red Lake. The maximum depth is . Much of the main lake has depths ranging from . Gravel and rock bars are common in the southern half of the lake. Islands Mille Lacs Lake hosts numerous islands, many of which are or smaller and are in private ownership. The following list is in order from largest to smallest. • Malone Island () • Mulybys Island () • Upper Twin Island () • Rainbow Island () • West Lower Twin Island () • Half Moon Island () • Pete Island () • Doe Island () • Spider Island () • East Lower Twin Island () • Spirit Island () • Pine Island () • Hennepin Island () ==Fishing==

Shallow reef-top fishing exists on all sides of the lake. Deep-water angling takes place on the southern deep gravel and rocks as well as on dozens of mud flats in the north half of the lake. Shoreline break fishing on varied bottom types occurs all around the lake. The weed line is at . There are many local fisherman's names for some features of the lake. Spirit Island, the small rock-made island in the south west region of the lake, consists of weathered and eroded pink and white granite boulders. Spirit Island is one of two Islands in Mille Lakes Lake designated as a National Wildlife Refuge. The lake has many species of fish including walleye, northern pike, muskie, jumbo perch, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, black crappie, burbot, and tullibee. It is one of Minnesota's most popular fishing lakes. Ice fishing houses number in the thousands during the winter. It is a prime spawning grounds for walleye. Billions of walleye eggs and fry are produced there every year. In the absence of a thermocline, fish can travel the whole area of the lake. The population of walleye (Sander vitreus) reached an all-time low in 2016, along with a decrease in cisco (Coregonus artedi) abundance. These population decreases were attributed to high temperatures, high fishing pressure, and cannibalism of juvenile walleye. The fishing regulations for the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe differ from the regulations for the public. While the fishing regulations for the public are subject to change season-by-season, the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe retain their fishing, hunting, and harvesting rights from the 1837 Treaty. The Band's fishing and hunting are regulated by their Conservation Code. ==History==

Archaeologists indicate that the area around the lake is one of the earliest known sites of human settlement in the state of Minnesota. The Rum River drains from Lake Mille Lacs into the Mississippi River to the south at present-day Anoka. On early French maps, the lake was also identified as Lac Buade or Minsisaugaigun. On a 1733 map by Henry Popple, Mille Lacs Lake is shown as "Lake Miſsiſsucaigan or Baude". As late as 1843, it was referred to as "Mini Sagaigonin or Mille Lacs" on United States government maps. The lake is known in Dakota as (Spiritual/Mystic Lake). The Mdewakanton group of the Santee Sioux identified by their location around the lake. In Ojibwe, the lake is known as (Grand/Great/Big Lake in the Region of a Thousand Lakes), or simply as (Grand Lake), as it is the largest lake in the Brainerd Lakes Area. Likewise, the French named the lake as "Mille Lacs Lake" (), as the Brainerd Lakes Area was called "Region of Thousand Lakes" (). Areas around the lake are protected and available to the public in state parks: Father Hennepin State Park and Mille Lacs Kathio State Park. Portions of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, of the federally recognized Mille Lacs Ojibwe, border the lake. In 2013, a windblown wall of ice, called an ice shove, moved off the lake and damaged houses on the lake shore. == Biogeochemistry ==

Geologic setting and sediments Mille lacs lake region is located on basin shaped by late Pleistocene glaciation in east-central Minnesota. A study done by the minnesota DNR describes Mille Lacs Kathio State Park describes the lake as a moraine-blocked basin formed from melting glacier water trapped within the moraine. The study also describes how lake levels used to be much higher post glacier melting and that the lake drained through various outlets such as rum river and the channel to lake onamia. Deposits around the lake of granite, silt, and gravel are evidence of this once higher shoreline. These sediments were deposited through melting ice and now extinct lake channels. Zebra mussels and nutrient cycling Zebra mussels in Mille Lacs Lake have altered nutrient cycling, filtering suspended particles from the water column and disrupting natural cycling patterns. Filter feeding can increase water clarity while moving nutrients and organic matter from the pelagic zone to the lake bottom through feces, pseudofeces, and shell material. This process can increase the importance of benthic nutrient cycling while reducing the amount of suspended food available to planktonic organisms. In Mille Lacs Lake, increased water clarity following zebra mussel establishment may also affect aquatic vegetation and fish habitat. Clearer water allows light to penetrate deeper into the lake, which can expand benthic plant growth and change habitat conditions for species such as walleye, cisco, northern pike, and smallmouth bass. Mixing, oxygen, and nutrient distribution Because Mille Lacs Lake is broad and relatively shallow, wind-driven mixing can redistribute dissolved oxygen and nutrients through much of the water column during the ice-free season. This mixing limits long-term stratification compared with deeper dimictic lakes, although short-term thermal layering may still occur during calm or warm periods. Mixing affects biogeochemical conditions by controlling how phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter, and dissolved oxygen move between the water column and bottom sediments. These conditions are important for primary production, forage availability, and fish habitat in the lake. Trophic state Mille Lacs Lake has an overall trophic state index (TSI) of 43, making it moderately mesotrophic. This trophic state index is within the expected overall TSI range of lakes within its ecoregion. Higher levels of planktivores affect food and nutrient availability needed by other species within the lake. Low total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratios indicate that the lake is phosphorus limited, which combines with relatively low total Kjeldahl Nitrogen to largely limit algal bloom growths. The presence of zebra mussels has reduced the trophic state index of the lake, with Secchi depth readings increasing noticeably since their arrival, likely due to their methods of filter feeding on suspended particles. Zebra mussels are also known for taking in nutrients from the water column and sequestering it in sediments, thereby reducing the nutrients available to primary producers within the water column. Levels of phosphorus and chlorophyll a, however, are reported to have remained consistent since the invasion, which has been seen before in unstratified lakes. Historical effects of human activity Runoff caused by the growth of agriculture in the surrounding area, as well as other anthropogenic factors, caused increasing levels of sediment and phosphorus buildup from the 1960's until at least the early 2000's. This was evident from the analysis of a sediment core drawn from the lake in 2002, which also determined that while few new microbial species had established themselves in the lake since European settlement, microbial communities have still been affected by nutrient and sediment loading. Water from these aquifers is released through well withdrawals, escape into nearby aquifers, and flow into bodies of water like Lake Mille Lacs and the Rum River. Upon inspection of this groundwater in the late 1990's, sodium, manganese, and iron levels repeatedly exceeded acceptable EPA standards for health and drinking water. Multiple common pesticides, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds were also found in samples, but were below detection limits, except for zinc levels. Possible sources of groundwater contamination within lakes due to anthropogenic effects can include but are not limited to land usage and commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. ==Settlements on the lake==

• Garrison, Minnesota • Isle, Minnesota • Malmo Township, Minnesota • Onamia, Minnesota • Vineland, Minnesota • Wahkon, Minnesota • Wealthwood Township, Minnesota ==See also==