Minaean language

in Saudi Arabia). The earliest Minaean inscriptions are contemporary with the earliest Sabaean ones, i.e. the 8th century BCE, though they are less numerous, and come from the cities along Wadi Madhaab, to the north-east of Ma'rib. Minaean trading posts, and Minaean inscriptions are also found outside South Arabia, as in the ancient oasis of Dēdan (the present day Al-'Ula in Saudi Arabia), and even on the Greek island of Delos and in Egypt. Minaean seems to disappear as a written language about the end of the 2nd century BCE. ==Phonology==

The phonology of the ancient Minaean language seems to be essentially similar to that of the other Old South Arabian languages. One peculiarity of Minaean is that it writes the phoneme in foreign names as (e.g., Delos becomes dlṯ), but still keeps the phoneme distinct in native words. Minaean seems to insert an etymologically unexplained h in certain nominal endings, pronouns and particles; some plurals also exhibit this same feature: and , plurals of bn (son). These may be plene writings of a long vowel other than or . ==Grammatical features peculiar to Minaean==

Due to the limited number of texts that have survived, many forms are not attested, though new texts may be discovered to provide more source material. In Minaean, external plurals seem to be especially common; an -h is often used at the end of words in the construct state, even in the singular. Minaean nominal endings (Compare the table given under Sabaean language.) Relative pronouns Particles Whereas Sabaean uses the preposition l- to mean "to(wards)", or to express the dative case, Minaean often has k- (compare Ḥaḑramitic h-). The particle k- has a prefixed s2 in Minaean, as in bn s2-kḏ "from (the possibility) that ...". Minaean, like the other non-Sabaean languages also has a temporal conjunction mty ("when"). The Minaean negative particle, which has been so far badly attested, is lhm. Verbs Minaean is distinguished from the other Old South Arabian languages by having an extra form for verb stems with a reduplicated second radical, spelled fˁˁl (as in ˁlly, "raise"). Conjugation of the perfect tense Minaean, like the other South Arabian languages, forms the perfect tense by adding suffixes. Unlike the other dialects, however, it does not write the dual and plural endings, they are therefore the same as the singular; for example: s3l' ("he/they dedicated"). ==References==