Minuscule 157

The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book) containing the complete text of the four Gospels on 325 parchment leaves (sized ). The text is written in one column per page, with 22 lines per page. The text is divided according to the chapters (known as / kephalaia), whose tables of contents are given before each Gospel (also known as / kephalaia), the chapter numbers are noted in the page marginss, and their titles (known as / titloi) are written at the top of the pages. There is no division according to the Eusebian Canons (an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections), though the Eusebian Canon tables are placed at the beginning. Corrections in the manuscript can be mostly ascribed to the original copyist, who upon noticing a mistake whitened it out with paint, and then continued on with their copying of the correct letter or word. Any remaining "glaring" errors are likely a reflection of the manuscript which was being copied from (known as the exemplar). It contains the Epistle to Carpian, prolegomena, lectionary equipment, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, ornaments and pictures in vermilion and gold. The Gospel of John is preceded by a portrait of John the Evangelist with Prochorus. It has the famous Jerusalem Colophon ("copied and corrected from the ancient manuscripts of Jerusalem preserved on the Holy Mountain"), at the end of each Gospel. According to biblical scholar Frederick H. A. Scrivener, it is very beautifully written. This sentiment is echoed by Biblical Scholar Herman C. Hoskier, who describes it as a "most beautiful manuscript" and which was "prepared with the utmost care". == Text ==

Although the manuscript was made for the Byzantine Emperor, its text is not considered to be the standard Byzantine text-type, but appears to be a mixture of text-types with a strong Alexandrian element. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine. Its readings often agree with Codex Bezae (D), with some affinities to the Diatessaron (an early harmonisation of the four canonical Gospels into one continuous work), and to the Gnostic Heretic Marcion's text of Luke (see Gospel of Marcion). Textual critic Hermann von Soden lists it among the group I (along with codices 235, 245, 291, 713, and 1012). Textual critic Kurt Aland placed it in Category III of his New Testament manuscript classification system. Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified." According to the Claremont Profile Method (a specific analysis method of textual data), it represents K in Luke 1; in Luke 10 it is mixed with some relationship to the Alexandrian text; in Luke 20 it has the Alexandrian text. In it has an unusual ending to the Lord's Prayer: This ending is only found in two other manuscripts: Minuscule 225 and 418. In it reads: Ἰωσῆ (Joses); the reading is supported by the manuscripts Minuscule 118 700* 1071 syr bo. It does not include the text of Matthew 16:2b–3 or of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11). == History ==

It was written in 1122 for the Byzantine Emperor John Porphyrogenitus (1118-1143). The manuscript belonged to the Ducal Library at Urbino, and was brought to Rome by Pope Clement VII (1523-1534). In 1788 scholar Andreas Birch made a facsimile of the manuscript. According to Birch, it is the most important manuscript of the New Testament except for Codex Vaticanus. It was examined by scholar Johann Scholz, and collated by biblical scholar Herman C. Hoskier. Biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory saw it in 1886. Scrivener noted that this codex often agrees with codices Vaticanus (B), Bezae (D), Regius (L), 69, 106, and especially with Minuscule 1. It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (shelf number Urbinas gr. 2), in Rome, Italy. == See also ==