Canadian peacekeeping

2023. Countries appearing with a deeper shade of green are ranked as more peaceful, countries appearing more red are ranked as more violent. Canada's foreign policy of peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peacemaking, and peacebuilding has been intertwined with its tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions since the end of World War II. Canada's central role in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in late 1940s, and peacekeeping in the mid-1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations. Canada has since been engaged with the United Nations, NATO and the European Union (EU) in promoting its middle power status into an active role in world affairs. The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-twentieth century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts. In the early Cold-War years, Canada served as a mediator in international conflicts. The notion of peacekeeping became deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its closest ally, the United States. Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are lacking UN Security Council, such as the Vietnam War, the 2003 Iraq War and 2026 Iran war. ==History ==

Inception of modern peacekeeping {{external media {{external media Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during the Suez Crisis. Pearson and Canada found themselves mediating a conflict involving their closest allies when the United States opposed the British, French, and Israeli invasion of Egypt. During United Nations meetings, Pearson proposed to the security council that a United Nations police force be established to prevent further conflict in the region, allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution. Pearson's proposal would intercede and divide the combatants, and form a buffer zone or 'human shield' between the opposing forces, offering to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war. Pearson would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 and be called "the father of modern peacekeeping" for his role during the Suez Crisis. He would go on to serve as the 14th Prime Minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968 overseeing the creation of the distinctly Canadian flag that is worn by Canadian peacekeepers. During the Suez Crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government originally objected to Canadian forces as the Canada's Red Ensign contained the same symbol (the Union Flag) used by the United Kingdom, one of the belligerents. Pearson in 1967 summarized Canadian foreign policy as "based on Canadian considerations, Canadian values and Canadian interests." Peacekeeping efforts Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989. Since 1953 Canada has been involved in the first international unified command (UNCMAC) in support of the ongoing armistice between North and South Korea, and played a central role in the International Control Commission (ICC), which tried to broker peace in Vietnam beginning in 1954. High-profile UN peacekeeping missions involving Canada include those in Congo (1961), Cyprus (1964), Lebanon (1978), Angola (1989), Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1993), East Timor (1999), Haiti (2004), Mali (2013), and observation missions in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights during the mid-1970s. Canada also participated in multiple missions in the Balkans with the UN, NATO and the EU in Croatia from 1991 to 1995; Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 2010; Kosovo from 1998 to 1999; and the former Republic of Macedonia in 2001. Since 1989, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) have been involved in peacekeeping missions related to training law enforcement personnel, notably the United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) from 1997 to 2000 and the NATO led missions in Afghanistan for over a decade. In all, more than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomatsincluding over 4,000 Canadian police officershave served in peacekeeping operations. Approximately 130 Canadians have died in service of peacekeeping operations, with 123 of these deaths occurring during UN missions. Canada's largest contribution of approximately 40,000 personnel and resulting in 23 deaths, took place from 1992 to 2010 in multiple operations in the Balkans during and after the Yugoslav Wars. The death of nine Canadian Armed Forces personnel when their Buffalo 461 was shot down over Syria on August 9, 1974, remains the largest single death toll in Canadian peacekeeping history. The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti saw the death of two Canadian RCMP peacekeepers as a result of the 2010 earthquake. Canada's "high point" of participation took place in April 1993, when there was 3,336 Canadian UN peacekeepers, with a record low number of 17 UN designated CAF members and 9 police officers deployed in July 2024. Canada has been criticized domestically and internationally for its non-fulfillment of UN personnel commitments in the 21st century. Peacekeeping assessment Assessments of peacekeeping operations deemed they are generally successful, usually resulted in long-term peace. The post–Cold War era has seen the concept and practice of peacekeeping evolve significantly. Traditionally focused on ceasefire monitoring and maintaining stability in conflict zones, peacekeeping missions evolved to have a wider range of activities including; peace enforcement, protecting civilians, promoting human rights, and supporting political processes in post-conflict societies. {{external media Critics argue that Canadian personnel may not consistently had the necessary training or resources to successfully navigate complex and volatile environments, leading to mixed results in their peacekeeping and peace enforcement efforts. Other criticisms include the perceived lack of clear objectives and mission parameters. notably in 1993 when the Canadian Armed Forces were deployed during the Somali Civil War to support UNOSOM I in a peace enforcement capacity. Soldiers from the Canadian Airborne Regiment tortured and killed a 16-year-old youth who broke into the encampment. Known as the Somalia affair, the incident has been described as "the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military" and led to the regiment's disbandment. Canadian troops and the UN system have been accused of failing to adequately protect civilian populations in conflict zones, notably in 1994 when Canadian troops were deployed to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda. The mission was criticized for the perceived failure to prevent or intervene in the genocide that occurred, despite Canadian General Roméo Dallaire warning top UN officials of an impending humanitarian crisis. On 11 January 1994, General Dallaire, commander of UNAMIR, sent his "now infamous genocide fax" to UN headquarters, stating [the informant] has been ordered to register all Tutsi in Kigali to prepare "for their extermination". This led to the UN Security Council reducing the number of new operations, and thus a significant decline in Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts. A 2024 poll by CanWaCH found that 77% of Canadians believe it's important for Canada to help other countries in need. {{external media The military reallocation in the 21st century resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions, where Canadian troops were tasked with combat and security support roles rather than traditional peacekeeping duties. Canada's participation in the Afghanistan war (2001–2014) saw 165 Canadian deaths, the largest for any single Canadian military mission since the Korean War in the early 1950s. Many within Canadian society expressed opposition to Canada's combative roles in Afghanistan on the grounds that it was inconsistent with Canada's historic role of peacekeeping. The Canadian government rhetoric of peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding in support of the Afghanistan war despite Canada's combat roles was a point of contention within Canadian society. Alongside many domestic obligations and a few ongoing peacekeeping missions such as the Multinational Force and Observers operation in the Sinai Peninsula, the Canadian Armed Forces, police and civilian personnel are currently deployed in multiple foreign military operations. ==Financing==

The unpredictability of peacekeeping operations makes forecasting costs a challenging task for policymakers and budget planners. In 2022 Canada was the eighth-largest UN peace operations financial contributor with approximately $198.8 million for ongoing missions worldwide. Canada in total allocated $2.49 billion to multiple UN organizations including those related to peacekeeping, policing, research, training, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution. Canada's total military expenditure in the same period was approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) — placing it 14th for military expenditure by country. ==Recognition==

in Ottawa, Canada The Somalia Medal, a campaign medal created in 1992 to recognize Canadian military personnel who participated in the international military coalition invasion to stabilize Somalia, has been awarded to 1,422 individuals. In 1992, Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monument was completed, commemorating Canada's role in international peacekeeping and the soldiers and police officers who have participated and are currently participating, both living and dead. The 1995 Canadian one-dollar coin displays the Peacekeeping Monument. This commemoration was followed by the 2001 $10 Canadian banknote named "remembrance and peacekeeping" that depicts a female peacekeeper. In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations peacekeepers, inspiring the creation of the Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal in 1999 that has been awarded to over 75,000 Canadians. Since 2008, after a campaign by the Canadian Association of Veterans in United Nations Peacekeeping, August 9 has officially been National Peacekeepers' Day in Canada, with ceremonies taking place throughout the country at memorials and Peacekeeper Parks. ==List of UN missions ==

Below is a list of high-profile UN peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present, with Canadian operational names listed when assigned. ==See also==