Mohammad Ali Samatar

Samatar was born in 1931 in Kismayo, Somalia. For his post-secondary education, Samatar studied at the Frunze Military Academy in the former Soviet Union (Военная академия им. М. В. Фрунзе), an elite institution reserved for the most qualified officers of the Warsaw Pact armies and their allies. ==Somali Democratic Republic==

A lieutenant general in the Somali National Army (SNA), Samatar was a key figure in Somali politics throughout the 1970s and 1980s. During the Ogaden campaign of the late 1970s, he led all SNA units and their Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) affiliates. Samatar was a member of President Siad Barre's ruling Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC). In May 1986, Barre suffered serious injuries in a life-threatening automobile accident near Mogadishu, when the car that was transporting him smashed into the back of a bus during a heavy rainstorm. He was treated in a hospital in Saudi Arabia for head injuries, broken ribs and shock over a period of a month. Samatar, who was then serving as Vice President of Somalia from 1971 to 1990, Samatar was alleged to have overseen the Isaaq genocide in what is now known as Somaliland. Approximately 50,000-100,000 civilians were killed in the genocide whilst local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians. Samatar is alleged to have commanded the forces that attacked the civilian population and committed severe crimes against humanity like mass killings, kidnapping, systematic rapes, arbitrary detentions, torture, as well as other war crimes. In 2012, seven Isaaq victims won a $21 million lawsuit in the United States against Samatar for crimes against the Isaaq people. led by General Arnaldo Ochoa. The Ogaden Campaign was part of a broader effort to unite all of the Somali-inhabited territories in the Horn region into a Greater Somalia (Soomaaliweyn). General Samatar was assisted in the offensive by several field commanders, most of whom were also Frunze graduates: • General Yussuf Salhan commanded SNA in Jigjiga Front assisted by Col. A. Naji, capturing the area on 30 August 1977. (Later became Minister of Tourism. Salhan was eventually expelled from the Somali Socialist Party in 1985) • Col. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed commanded SNA in Negellie Front. (Later the leader of SSDF rebel group based in Ethiopia. Col Ahmed was arrested by Ethiopia's Mengistu. He was released after the collapse of the Mengistu regime in 1991) • Col. Abdullahi Ahmed Irro commanded SNA in the Godey Front. (Retired and became a professor of Strategy in Mogadishu Somalia) • Col. Ali Hussein commanded SNA in two front's, Qabri Dahare and Harrar. (Eventually joined the SNM late 1988) • Col. Farah Handulle commanded SNA in the Wardheer Front. (Became a civilian administrator and Governor of Sanaag, later killed in Hargheisa as the new appointed Governor of Hargheisa in 1987 one day before he took over the Governorship) • General Mohamed Nur Galaal assisted by Col.Mohamud Sh. Abdullahi Geelqaad commanded Dirir-Dewa. The SNA retreated from Dirir-Dewa. ( Galaal became Minister of Public Works and Leading member of the ruling Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party) • Col. Abdulrahman Aare and Col. Ali Ismail co-commanded the Degeh-Bur Front. (Both Officers were lLater chosen to reinforce the Harar campaign; Col Aare eventually became a military attache and retired as a private citizen after the collapse of SNA in 1990) • Col. Abukar Liban 'Aftooje' Initially served as acting logistics coordinator for the Southern Command and later commanded the SNA in the Iimeey Front. ( Aftoje became a General and a military attache to France). ==Lawsuit for crimes against humanity==

In 2009, a civil lawsuit seeking financial damages from Samatar was filed in the United States by a small group of Somalis, some of whom were naturalized American citizens. Samatar had fled to the U.S. following the outbreak of the civil war and the collapse of the Barre regime in 1991 in order to escape persecution as a member of the former government. The individuals alleged that they had suffered physical abuse in violation of international law at the hands of soldiers or other government officials under Samatar's command, which they further claimed was due to their belonging to the Isaaq clan. However, the plaintiffs did not claim that Samatar personally committed the atrocities or that he was directly involved. Samatar asserted that he was immune from responsibility under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. On 1 June 2010, in Samantar v. Yousuf, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that, although Samatar's argument was "literally possible," FSIA did not cover the issue of an official's claim to immunity. The lawsuit was consequently allowed to continue against Samatar. However, the justices added that Samatar might have recourse to common law claims of immunity when the matter was heard again by the lower courts. On remand, Samatar sought dismissal of the action based on head of state immunity and foreign official act immunity. In 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia rejected these claims, denying the motion to dismiss. It ruled that "under international and domestic law, officials from other countries are not entitled to foreign official immunity for jus cogens violations, even if the acts were performed in the defendant's official capacity." In August 2012, a U.S. federal court ruled that Samatar should pay $21 million to the plaintiffs, with each to receive $1 million and $2 million in compensatory and punitive damages, respectively. However, Samatar was not required to pay the damages until bankruptcy proceedings concluded. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit later upheld this decision in November 2012. In March 2013, Abdi Farah Shirdon, Prime Minister in Somalia's newly recognized Federal Government, issued a letter to the U.S. Department of State requesting that Washington grant Samatar immunity from prosecution. Samatar was previously denied immunity mainly because there was at the time no strong central authority within Somalia to claim it on his behalf. According to Samatar's attorney, Joseph Peter Drenan, the gesture was an attempt on the Somali government's part to promote reconciliation. He added that the lawsuit was now likely to be dismissed, as the U.S. authorities were expected to honor the Somali administration's request. In March 2015, the US Supreme Court upheld the civil lawsuit against Samatar, dismissing his appeal. ==Death==

Samatar died in Virginia, United States, on 19 August 2016. He was buried in Mogadishu, Somalia. ==See also==