Two of the song's lyrics reference famous lines in plays by
William Shakespeare: "Well, it must be the winter of my discontent" paraphrases the opening line of
Richard III and "Tell me what it means / To be or not to be" alludes to the most well-known line in
Hamlet. "I'll take the
Scarface Pacino and the
Godfather Brando / Mix 'em up in a tank and get a robot commando" refers to two of the most famous performances by American "
method actors"
Al Pacino and
Marlon Brando. The line about making "gunpowder from ice" is a reference to a passage in Chapter 5 of ''
Gulliver's Travels'' by
Jonathan Swift. The line "I'll be at the Black Horse Tavern on Armageddon Street" contains two references to the
Book of Revelation: In addition to the obvious reference to the biblical
end times battle, the "Black Horse" is likely a reference to the
Third Horseman of the Apocalypse (AKA Famine) who rides a black horse and may also be the inspiration for the
Rough and Rowdy Ways song ''
Black Rider".However, the phrase could also evoke the
White Horse Tavern in
Greenwich Village—a famous hangout of folk musicians, artists, and bohemians, as well as the last place poet
Dylan Thomas drank before his death. Given that Dylan took his stage name from Thomas, this may be a subtle nod to the poet’s tragic end. The song alludes to
classical antiquity with lines about
Julius Caesar and "
Trojan women and children" being sold into slavery. Similar references to
Ancient Greece and
Rome can be found on other songs on
Rough and Rowdy Ways. As in "
Goodbye Jimmy Reed", the line "You can bring it to
Saint Peter, you can bring it to Jerome" humorously juxtaposes the sacred and the secular by referencing an apostle of
Jesus alongside
Bo Diddley's maracas player. Jerome may also refer to Saint Jerome of Stridon, a Christian pirest, confessor and theologian. The line "Can you help me walk that moonlight mile?" is a reference to the 1971 song "
Moonlight Mile" by
The Rolling Stones (who are also referenced as "them British bad boys" on
Rough and Rowdy Ways' opening track "
I Contain Multitudes"). Dylan identifies "Mr.
Freud" and "Mr.
Marx" as two of the "best-known enemies of mankind" in the song and refers to them as burning together in hell. Dylan had derisively mentioned Freud and Marx together on at least one previous occasion: At a press conference in Rome to promote
Love and Theft in 2001, Dylan was asked if he feared analysis. His response was, "No...I don't know what anybody can find in any of my stuff...Analysis? A Freudian analysis, you mean? Or German idealism? Or maybe a Freudian-Marxist? I don't know". ==Live performances==