Nabis (art)

The Nabis took their name from a Hebrew term which comes from the word nebiim or "prophets". The term was coined in 1888 by the linguist Auguste Cazalis, who drew a parallel between the way these painters aimed to revitalize painting (as 'prophets of modern art') and the way the ancient prophets had rejuvenated Israel. ==Beginning==

(1890), one of the earliest Nabi paintings The Nabis were a group of young artists of the Académie Julian in Paris, who wanted to transform the foundations of art. One of the artists, Paul Sérusier, had traveled to Pont-Aven in October 1888, where under the guidance of Paul Gauguin he made a small painting of 'The Bois d'Amour'(The forest of love) on wood, composed of patches of vivid color. The students called this first Nabis painting The Talisman, and it eventually became an icon of 20th-century art. Even the name of the group was secret until 1897. They called a studio an 'ergasterium' ==Japanese influence==

The graphic art of Japan, known as Japonism, particularly woodblock prints, was an important influence on the Nabis. The style was popularized in France by the art dealer Siegfried Bing, who traveled to Japan to collect prints by Hokusai and other Japanese artists, and published a monthly art journal, Le Japon Artistique, between May 1888 and April 1891, which offered color illustrations. In 1900 he organized an exhibit of seven hundred prints at the École des Beaux-Arts. Pierre Bonnard was particularly influenced by the Japanese style; his nickname among the Nabis was "Le plus japonard". For one series of four paintings created in 1890–91, The Women in the Garden, now in the Musée d'Orsay, Bonnard adapted a Japanese format called kakemono with a narrow vertical canvas. The models are his sister Andrée and his cousin Berthe Schaedin. The four figures are presented in curving, serpentine postures, like those in Japanese prints. The faces of the women look away from the artist; the bold patterns of their costumes and the foliage behind them dominate the paintings. He originally conceived the work as a Japanese screen, but he finally decided to separate it into four paintings, and to emphasize the decorative aspect, he added a painted border around the canvases. The theme of women in a garden, stylistically adapted from Japanese prints, appeared in the work of other Nabis, including Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier. Denis used the theme of women in gardens in paintings and decorative murals. Sérusier adapted the same format in his Women at the Spring (1898), stylistically depicting women descending a hill to take water from a spring. File:Soir de septembre-Maurice Denis-IMG 8192.JPG|Maurice Denis, Evening in September (1891) File:Édouard Vuillard, 1891, The Flowered Dress (O vestido estampado), oil on canvas, 38 x 46 cm, Museu de Arte de São Paulo.jpg|The printed dress by Édouard Vuillard (1891), Museu de Arte de São Paulo == Religion, symbolism, myths and legends ==

The Nabis were influenced by the literature, music and theater of the symbolist movement, and, among some of the Nabis, there was a strong current of mysticism and esotericism. Their approach to their order was partly humorous and whimsical; the studio of Ranson at 25 Boulevard du Montparnasse was called their "temple", Madame Ranson was termed "The light of the Temple", and the original Nabi painting by Sérusier was displayed in the studio like a shrine, and titled The Talisman. Sérusier whimsically painted Paul Ranson in a sort of Nabic robe, with a staff and a text before him. However, they also had a more serious side. They rejected the materialism of the new industrial age, and admired the poetry of Baudelaire, Mallarmé and Edgar Allan Poe. They placed themselves in opposition to the current of naturalism expressed in the paintings of Courbet and Manet and the literature of Émile Zola. Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier were the Nabis who most often painted religious subjects. The work of Denis was influenced by the paintings of Fra Angelico. He often painted scenes and themes taken from the Bible, but with the figures in modern costume, in simplified landscapes and surrounded by light, a symbol of faith. In 1895, he received a commission for a series of seven large paintings called The Legend of Saint Hubert for the Paris home of Baron Cochin. They illustrated the story of Saint Hubert hunting in the forest of Aquitaine, seeing a vision of Christ, and being converted to Christianity. Paul Sérusier painted less Christian and more mystical scenes, particularly La Vision pros du torrent or The rendezvous of fairies (1897), showing a group of women in Breton costumes passing through the forest, carrying bouquets of flowers to a ceremony, and Femmes à la Source, depicting a series of women solemnly descending through a mystical forest to a spring. This illustrates the legend of the Danaides, who in mythology were condemned to fill and refill leaking jugs of water from a spring. He painted several works of women in Breton costumes conducting pagan ceremonies in the forests of Brittany. File:Maurice Denis, 1889, Le Calvaire (Climbing to Calvary), oil on canvas, 41 x 32.5 cm, Musée d'Orsay.jpg|Maurice Denis, Le Calvaire (Climbing to Calvary) (1889), Musée d'Orsay File:MauriceDenis-LaLegendeDeStHubert-7LArriveeALErmitage.JPG|Maurice Denis, Final scene of the Legend of Saint Hubert (1897), Departmental Museum of Maurice Denis, Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1897) File:LES DANAÏDES OR FEMMES À LA SOURCE.PNG|Paul Sérusier, Women at the Spring, Musée d'Orsay (1898) File:Serusier-BoisSacre.jpg|Paul Sérusier, The Sacred Woods ==Interiors==

The Nabis Pierre Bonnard, Félix Vallotton and Édouard Vuillard created particularly remarkable paintings depicting the interiors of homes, where the inhabitants of the rooms were almost entirely absorbed into the intense floral decoration and furnishings. In some of the paintings, such as Vuillard's The Seamstress and La Table de toilet (1895), or People in an Interior - Music, it is difficult to even find and count the individuals in the painting. File:Seamstress by Edouard Vuillard.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, The Seamstress, (1893), Indianapolis Museum of Art File:Edouard Vuillard - Woman in a Striped Dress - Google Art Project.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, Woman in a Striped Dress (1895), National Gallery of Art File:Vuilllard Interior 1896.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, People in Interior- Music (1896), Petit Palais Museum, Paris File:Misia at the Piano MET DT3150.jpg|Misia at the Piano (c. 1898), Édouard Vuillard, Metropolitan Museum of Art ==Women in the garden==

One of the most common subjects of the Nabis was women in an idyllic garden setting, usually picking flowers or fruit. It appeared in four panels representing the seasons of a young woman's life by Maurice Denis (1890–91), painted for the bedroom of a young girl, and in the panels of women in the public parks of Paris by Édouard Vuillard (1894) painted for the residence of his patron Alexandre Nathanson; two paintings of women and children picking apples in an orchard by Pierre Bonnard (1894–96); and in a tapestry by Paul Ranson, Spring, depicting three women picking fruit. All the images are highly stylized, often using the same serpentine forms to represent the women, the trees and the foliage. The young women in the series by Denis are shown traveling along a road, dressed in vestal white in the first painting, then in different colors as they reach maturity in the final painting. File:La barrière fleurie, Le Pouldu 1889 Paul Serusier.jpg|Paul Sérusier, The flower barrier (1889) File:Denis-Road-of-Life.jpg|April or The road of life by Maurice Denis, painted for the bedroom of a young girl. (1892) File:PaulElieRanson+Spring-WomenBeneathBlossomingTrees+neddlepoint-on-canvas+1895+MuseeD'Orsay-Paris.jpg|Women picking flowers in the garden, tapestry by Paul Ranson (1895) File:1896 Bonnard Familie des Komponisten Claude Terrasse anagoria.JPG|The Bonnard Family in the garden, screen by Pierre Bonnard (1896) ==Decorative art==

One of the stated objectives of the Nabis was to break down the barriers between art and ordinary life, and in particular the distinction between art and decoration. Much of the art they created was designed specifically to be decorative, for display in salons and dining rooms. They designed screens, murals, wallpaper, tapestries, dishware, lampshades, and ornament for furniture, as well as theater decor and costume design, and graphic design for advertising posters. Paul Ranson, working with Art Nouveau architect Henry Van de Velde made murals to decorate the dining room of art gallery owner Siegfried Bing. After a visit to the United States, where he saw the stained glass designs of Louis Comfort Tiffany and his firm, Bing invited the Nabis to submit their own designs for Tiffany glass. Roussel, Vuillard, Vallotton, Ranson, Denis, Bonnard, and Ibels all made designs, which Bing displayed in his gallery in Paris in April 1895, along with designs of non-Nabis, including Toulouse-Lautrec. In the end the windows were not made, but Maurice Denis continued to create window designs on symbolist themes, with bold designs and vivid colors. In 1895, Vuillard was commissioned to design a series of plates, which featured women in highly stylized costumes. File:Edouard Vuillard - Public Gardens - Google Art Project.jpg|Decorative screen, The Public Gardens by Édouard Vuillard (1895) File:MauriceDenis-LeCheminDeLaVie.JPG|Stained glass window, The Path of Life, by Maurice Denis (1895) File:MauriceDenis-LEchelleDansLeFeuillage.JPG|The Ladder in the Foliage by Maurice Denis (1892), canvas on a wood panel, made for the ceiling of the home of art patron Henry Lerolle. The same woman on the ladder is seen from four points of view. File:Edouard vuillard, piatto con donna con camicia rigata e gonna a balze, 1895.jpg|Plate depicting a woman in a striped blouse, by Édouard Vuillard (1895) ==Graphic arts==

Members of the Nabis worked in a variety of media, using oils on both canvas and cardboard, and distemper on canvas and wall decoration, and they also produced posters, prints, book illustrations, textiles and furniture. Considered to be on the cutting edge of modern art during their early period, their subject matter was representational (though often Symbolist in inspiration), but was design-oriented along the lines of the Japanese prints they so admired, and Art Nouveau. However, the artists of the Nabis circle were highly influenced by the paintings of the Impressionists, and thus while sharing the flatness, page layout, and negative space of art nouveau and other decorative modes, much of LesNabis' art has a painterly, non-realistic look, with color palettes reminiscent of Cézanne and Gauguin. Bonnard's posters and lithographs are more firmly in the Art Nouveau, or Toulouse-Lautrec manner. After the turn of the century, as modern art moved towards Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Abstraction, LesNabis were viewed as conservatives and, indeed, were among the last group of artists to stick to the roots and artistic ambitions of the Impressionists, pursuing these ends almost into the middle of the 20th century. In their later years, these painters also largely abandoned their earlier interests in decorative and applied arts. File:Les Parisiennes cph.3g10009.jpg|Pierre Bonnard, Les Parisiennes 1893, lithograph File:Vallotton pour Bing.jpg|Félix Vallotton poster for Siegfried Bing's Gallery (1893) File:Vallotton-Raison.gif|Félix Vallotton, La raison probante (The Cogent Reason), a woodcut from the series Intimités (1898) File:Frontispiece, from the album Amours MET MM77360.jpg|Maurice Denis, Frontispiece lithograph from the series Amour (1899) ==Breakup==

In 1897, the Nabis were not present at the well-known Salon des Indépendants, but instead held their own exposition at the Galerie Vollard, more avant-garde than the Salon. Their final exhibition as a group took place in 1900 at the Galerie Bernheim, with works of Bonnard, Denis, Ibels, Maillol, Roussel, Sérusier, Vallotton and Vuillard. After that show, each of the artists went his separate way. ==Members and associates==

• Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947), le nabi très japonard • Maurice Denis (1870–1943), le nabi aux belles icônes • Maxime Dethomas (1869–1929) • Meyer de Haan (1852–1895), le nabi hollandais • Rene Georges Hermann-Paul (1864–1940) • Henri-Gabriel Ibels (1867–1936), le nabi journaliste • Georges Lacombe (1868–1916), le nabi sculpteur • Lugné-Poe (1869–1940) • Aristide Maillol (1861–1944) • Paul Ranson (1864–1909), le nabi plus japonard que le nabi japonard • József Rippl-Rónai (1861–1927), le nabi hongrois • Ker-Xavier Roussel (1867–1944) • Paul Sérusier (1864–1927), le nabi à la barbe rutilante • Marguérite Sérusier, wife of Paul Sérusier; a notable decorative painter • Félix Vallotton (1865–1925), le nabi étranger • Jan Verkade (1868–1946), le nabi obéliscal • Édouard Vuillard (1868–1940), le nabi zouave File:115 Maurice Denis Portrait de l'artiste à l'âge de 18 ans.jpg|Maurice Denis, aged eighteen, in 1889 File:Édouard Vuillard 001.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, Self-portrait, 1889 File:Self-portrait-1889.jpg|Pierre Bonnard, Self-portrait, c. 1889 File:Ranson serusier.jpg|Paul Ranson, Paul Sérusier, and Marie-France Ranson in Paul Ranson's studio, c. 1900 File:Ker-Xavier Roussel, Édouard Vuillard, Romain Coolus, Felix Vallotton 1899.jpg|Ker-Xavier Roussel, Édouard Vuillard, Romain Coolus, Félix Vallotton, 1899 File:Porträt Paul Ranson.jpg|Portrait of Paul Ranson in Nabi costume, by Paul Sérusier Other members of the group included the playwright Pierre Veber, the musician Pierre Hermant, and the linguist Auguste Cazalis, called (by Ranson) le nabi Ben Kallyre. ==Gallery==

File:Félix Vallotton, 1893 - La Valse.jpg|The Waltz, Félix Vallotton, Museum of Modern Art Le Havre (1893) File:Vallotton Frau mit Dienstmagd beim Baden.jpg|Félix Vallotton, The Mistress and the Servant, 1896 File:Paesaggio nabi paul ranson.jpg|Paul Ranson, Nabis Landscape, 1890 File:Georges Lacombe-1868-1946-Marine bleue, Effet de vague,circa 1893,peinture à l'oeuf sur toile,43x64,2 cm,Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes.jpg|Georges Lacombe, Marine bleue, Effet de vagues, 1893 ==See also==