Natural hair movement

The movement is centered around Black people who wear afro-textured hair in its natural, coiled, or tight, curly state. These individuals of African descent choose not to relax their hair, allowing it, instead, to grow in its natural texture. To relax one's hair means to use chemicals to straighten it. This can be done professionally, or through a kit purchased at a grocery store for home use. Afro-textured hairstyles can vary and may include the adoption of hair twists, braids or dreadlocks. The word nappy, historically used as a derogatory term to describe the hair of Black people, has been positively reappropriated by Afrodescendants. In Francophone countries, nappy is often used as a portmanteau of 'natural' and 'happy'. In the past, the word was subject to denigration, having origins that stretch back to the Atlantic slave trade. It is surmised that nappy may have originated as a pejorative reference to the frizzy texture of cotton picked by Black slaves. ==History==

In the ancestral traditions, hairdressing was "an activity during which the genealogies' history and many other cultural features were taught to children. Every African hairdressing was codified according to the ethnic group and by status." Thus, the sale of millions of Africans into slavery forced them to separate from their originally aesthetic activities regarding hair care. After the American abolition of slavery in 1865, black populations looked to straighten their hair, so as to move closer to the dominant aesthetics in an effort to obtain work. At the time, the most used instrument for hair smoothing was the hot comb, prior to Garrett A. Morgan's invention of a relaxer cream in 1909. During the 1970s–1980s, popularized especially by some celebrities, the "Jheri curl," a newer technique to loosen tightly curled hair, became fashionable in the African American community; it can be seen in Michael Jackson's hair in the music video of his song Thriller. During these same years, dreadlocks were also introduced into popular culture and popularized through reggae music, especially by Bob Marley's hair style and by the Rastafarian movement. This hairstyle can be a mark of social and spiritual distinction: "The adoption of long or very atypical hair [can reflect] rebellion or a refusal of the dominant values." Hair straightening was considered mainstream and performed frequently throughout the 1980s and 1990s, often with relaxers containing harsh chemicals, particularly lye, that can cause harmful effects on the scalp like red patches, burns, and alopecia. ==Present day==

Internet presence Since the emergence of Web 2.0, a growing number of creators have been sharing their beauty advice via: • Blogs: Black Girl Long Hair, Naturally Curly, Curly Nikki, Hair Lista, Afrobella, Un-ruly.com in the US; Black Beauty Bag, Afrobelle, Ivy-Mag in France • Web-zines: Naturally Happy Hair in the US; FashizBlack, Afrosomething in France; Afro Style Magazine in the Netherlands These websites have expanded the natural hair movement around the world so as to highlight the beauty of natural hair. held their first CurlFest, a festival now held annually in Brooklyn, New York, that celebrates natural hair. Outside the US, several events have developed to accompany the natural hair movement, particularly in France and in Africa: • The salon ''Boucles d'ébène'': A demonstration, has existed for ten years, dedicated to the black hairdressing and beauty. • The Miss Nappy Paris′ competition: The election of "Miss Nappy" so as to promote the Afro hair beauty. • The Massalia Nappy Days: Lectures, projections of documentaries and fashion shows. • The ''Crépue d'ébène Festival'' at Abidjan (Ivory Coast): Dedicated to the natural beauty of the African woman and to the highlighting of the nappy hair. • The Natural Hair Academy: Event to better understand the nappy hair, days of advice by speakers. • The AfricaParis Festival: Dedicated to the "Afropean" culture. The natural hair movement has been encouraged by some female stars who have abandoned straightening, allowing their natural hair to make a comeback, such as Erykah Badu, Lupita Nyong'o, Solange Knowles, Janelle Monáe, and Viola Davis. Erykah Badu 2008.07.14 004.jpg|Erykah Badu at a concert in July 2008. Aïssa Maïga at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival-01.jpg|Aïssa Maïga during the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. Lupita Nyong'o Cannes 2015.jpg|Lupita Nyong'o at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. FWT13.jpg|Beyoncé sporting braids during the Formation world tour. Solange Knowles Cannes 2013.jpg|Solange Knowles at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. InnaModja Festivaux 2012.JPG|Inna Modja during a concert at Vaux-sur-Mer 9 August 2012. Janellemonae_(300dpi).jpg|Janelle Monáe sang live at the Austin Music Hall on the occasion of SXSW in March 2009. == Legal issues ==

On 3 July 2019, California became the first US state to prohibit discrimination over natural hair. Governor Gavin Newsom signed the CROWN Act into law, banning employers and schools from discriminating against hairstyles such as afros, braids, twists, and dreadlocks. Likewise, later in 2019 Assembly Bill 07797 became law in New York state; it "prohibits race discrimination based on natural hair or hairstyles." =="Ethnic" hair care industry==

With the popularity of "going natural", hair care suppliers have seen a rapid decrease in the purchase of relaxers, the harsh chemical hair straightener. An industry that was once worth an estimated $774 million, relaxer sales have gone down 26% over the last five years, as of 2013 reports. Relaxer sales had fallen by 38% between 2012 and 2017 and were estimated to decrease to 45% by 2019. As relaxer production declines in favor of more natural-friendly products, Black consumers increasingly rely on social media—particularly YouTube—for tutorials, product demonstrations, and reviews before making purchases. Popular brands and products include Shea Moisture, DevaCurl, and Carol's Daughter. The availability of products suited for natural Black hair has also been encouraged by the founding of Black-owned hair product companies, such as Ruka Hair in the UK, founded by Tendai Moyo. ==Objections and opposition==

Many women of African descent have faced opposition from wearing their hair in naturally curly styles or other non-straight, protective styles. Many women have found that they are treated unjustly based on having naturally afro-textured hair. Natural hair can be deemed "unprofessional", turning it into a fireable offense. For example, a 12-year-old student at a Florida Christian school with natural hair "was given one week to decide whether to cut her hair or leave the academy that she has attended since third grade" after she complained to school officials about being bullied by other students. In March 2014, the United States Department of Defense issued a set of guidelines that banned all afros, dreadlocks, braids, and twists that were greater than " in diameter. Guidelines such as these clearly disproportionately affect and target those of African descent. They later rolled back the guidelines that same year in August by allowing two-strand twists. The Army increased the size of permissible braids and removed the word "unkempt" from their guidelines. In April 2016, a female Zara employee in the Canadian city of Toronto was reprimanded for wearing her hair in a braided hairstyle, which resulted in her filing a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission. Hair appropriation/cultural appropriation has been an issue within the natural hair community. Many non-black individuals, especially celebrities, often wear African-American hairstyles, which some have found offensive. Giuliana Rancic apologized to actress Zendaya—who wore dreadlocks on the 2015 Oscar's red carpet—after commenting that Zendaya's hair must have smelled of "patchouli oil or weed". Kim Kardashian wore Fulani braids, originating from the Fulani tribe of West Africa, on three different occasions in 2018. She referred to them as "Bo Derek braids" in reference to actress Bo Derek's Fulani braids in the 1979 film 10. Kardashian received backlash, especially from the black community. The idea of non-black women wearing natural hair styles remains controversial. ==Terminology==

Several words are frequently used in the vocabulary of the natural hair movement: • Afro: A hairstyle created by combing the hair away from the scalp, allowing the hair to extend out from the head in a large, rounded-shape, much like a cloud or ball. • Bantu knot: Hairstyle that consists of twisted hair rolled up into small buns. See Jada Pinkett Smith as Niobe in The Matrix series. • Big chop: Cutting one's chemically straightened hair to let it grow in its natural texture. • Braids: Hairstyle where hair is braided with extensions or with natural hair. • Box braids: A form of protective styling done through braiding synthetic hair along with real hair. This promotes hair growth and protects hair from breakage and other damaging factors. • Braid out: Braids are unraveled. • Creamy crack: Chemical relaxers. The term was coined with the thought that the use of relaxers is addictive for those women who strive for a permanently straight hair texture. • Coils: A hairstyle achieved by taking small sections of wet or very damp hair and smoothing, while rotating the sections, one by one, from root to tip. Tiny styling combs or a finger are typically used. • Coily: The texture characteristic of natural Type 4 hair, whereby the configuration of the strand resembles a small-diameter ink pen spring. • Cornrows: A style of braiding/plaiting hair into narrow strips to form geometric patterns on the scalp. A form of protective styling. • Co-wash: Washing one's hair with conditioner instead of shampoo. • Detangling: The process of using fingers or a wide-tooth comb to get out knots in curly textured hair. • Dreadlocks: Matted or sculpted ropes of hair. • Fro-hawk: Hairdressing similar to the mohawk hairstyle. • Hair porosity: Natural hair can have low, high, or medium porosity. Low porosity hair cuticles are very tightly closed and do not absorb water or product easily. High porosity hair cuticles are very open and absorb water and product easily. Medium porosity is more balance and absorbs water, product, and moisture easily. In order to best treat naturally curly hair, celebrity hairstylist Andre Walker created a hair typing system. This categorizes hair into four categories based on how tight curls are coiled. • Kinky hair: Tightly curled hair, tightly coiled hair or hair without defined curls. • Protective hairstyle: Any coiffure configuration that keeps hair ends safely tucked away to keep the natural hair protected from the elements. These hairdos require very little daily upkeep and help strands stay moisturized. Includes braids, extensions, wigs, and weaves. See Janet Jackson in Poetic Justice. • Senegalese twists: Also known as rope twists where synthetic hair is used and twisted in with the natural hair. • Shrinkage: Because natural hair is typically has different types of curls and textures, in its natural state it appears shorter than it would straightened. • Transition: Period of time when one is transitioning from straightening their hair with heat/and or chemical products to wearing hair in its natural state. • Teeny Weeny Afro (TWA): Short Afro haircut. See Viola Davis in the film Suicide Squad. • Twist out: Hairstyle where twists are unraveled. See Corinne Bailey Rae. • Twists: Double strands of hair wrapped around each other. • Wash and go: wash one's hair and going on about one's day. This means there is no drying or styling involved and the application of product is minimal (usually a moisturizer or anti-frizz serum). The wash and go is also sometimes referred to as the "shake and go" which further emphasizes the lack of actual styling involved. The goal of a wash and go is to define natural curls. ==Filmography==

• Nappily Ever After, movie directed by Haifaa al-Mansour in 2018. • Good Hair, movie directed by Jeff Stilson and produced by Chris Rock in 2009. • My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage, movie directed and produced by Regina Kimbell in 2008. • Bad Hair (2020 film) • Hair Love, Oscar-winning short, created by Matthew A. Cherry ==See also==