Nepalese royal massacre

Birendra became king of Nepal in 1972 following the death of his father King Mahendra, inheriting an absolute monarchy known as the Panchayat system. After a referendum on restoring multi-party democracy was rejected in 1980, the 1990 People's Movement ended the Panchayat system and Birendra subsequently relinquished his executive powers. His role as a constitutional monarch made him very popular and well-respected by the Nepalese population. After Birendra's accession to the throne, the Shah dynasty began a custom of organising a private family dinner on the third Friday of each month in the Nepalese calendar, with different members exchanging hosting duties. The scheduled dinner event on 1 June 2001 was to be hosted by Dipendra at his residence, the Tribhuvan Sadan within the complex of the Narayanhiti Palace. All main members of the royal family were invited, except for Prince Gyanendra, who was in Chitwan. Dipendra's motive for the murders is unknown, and there are various theories. The most commonly cited theory links Dipendra's motive to his relationship with Devyani Rana, whom he had met in the United Kingdom and had been dating for several years. Some allege that the royal family had objected to their potential marriage due to her maternal family background and her father's political alliances. Devyani's mother was from the house of Scindia, the former ruling family of the Gwalior State whose members were lower-caste and allegedly far wealthier than the Nepalese monarchs. The prospective bride's mother warned her daughter that marrying the Nepalese crown prince might mean a drop in her standard of living. Another theory states that there was a higher possibility of Indian influence if Dipendra were to be married to Devyani, to which the palace objected. Other theories allege that Dipendra was unhappy with the country's shift from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, and that too much power had been given away following the 1990 People's Movement. ==Events==

According to one recount of the events based on the official investigation and several eyewitness accounts, Dipendra arrived at the Tribhuvan Sadan in the evening and escorted guests to a billiard room within the palace. At the billiard room, Dipendra went under the influence of drugs and was removed and escorted to his apartment by relatives after "misbehaving" with one of the guests. Dipendra went on to kill eight other relatives, including his mother Queen Aishwarya; an uncle, Prince Dhirendra, who tried to persuade him to hand over his gun; and his brother Prince Nirajan, who was shielding Aishwarya in the garden. Dipendra slipped into a coma after shooting himself in the head. The casualties were immediately taken to the Birendra military hospital in Chhauni, where Birendra, Aishwarya and Nirajan were pronounced dead on arrival. Dipendra's sister Princess Shruti died of blood loss resulting from her injuries shortly after arriving at the hospital. After confirming Birendra's death, the Raj Parishad (royal privy council) announced the proclamation of Dipendra, who was being treated at the military hospital, as king and the appointment of Gyanendra, the closest surviving relative in the line of succession, as his regent. The deceased members of the royal family were given a state funeral and were cremated in front of Pashupatinath Temple. Dipendra died in the early morning of 4 June and Gyanendra was subsequently proclaimed king. His coronation and Dipendra's cremation took place later that day. ==Aftermath==

On 12 June 2001, a Hindu katto ceremony was held to exorcise or banish the spirit of the dead king from Nepal. A Hindu priest, Durga Prasad Sapkota, dressed as Birendra to symbolise the late king, rode an elephant out of Kathmandu and into symbolic exile, taking many of the monarch's belongings with him. A second katto ceremony was held for Dipendra on 14 June. The massacre added to the political turmoil caused by the Maoist insurgency. Following the ascension of Gyanendra, the monarchy lost much of the approval of the Nepalese populace. Some say this massacre was the pivotal point that ended the monarchy in Nepal. == Casualties ==

Birendra, Aishwarya and their children were killed, as were three of Birendra's siblings (Princess Shanti, Princess Sharada and Prince Dhirendra), Birendra's first cousin Princess Jayanti, and one of Birendra's brothers-in-law (Kumar Khadga, who was married to Princess Sharada). Princess Komal, the future queen consort, was also severely injured and was hospitalised for four weeks following the massacre. == Reactions ==

Domestic Members of the Nepali public reacted in shock and mourning to the killing of Birendra and his immediate family, with many demanding an explanation for the motive of the shooting. The funeral procession of the royal couple was attended by tens of thousands, and the government declared thirteen days of mourning, in accordance with Hindu custom, which also required men to shave their heads as a mark of respect. Flags in Nepal were also lowered to half-mast and access to radio and television media was restricted. Deputy Prime Minister Ram Chandra Poudel described the event as a "national disaster", after making a public statement about Dipendra's role in the massacre. Protests continued during Gyanendra's coronation ceremony on 4 June, resulting in six deaths from police gunfire and arrests of hundreds suspected to be Maoists. A curfew was subsequently declared in Kathmandu. International Leaders and representatives of several countries expressed condolences in response to the deaths of King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya. • : Prime Minister John Howard expressed "hope that peace and order will be maintained in Nepal", describing Birendra as "a pillar of stability". It adopted a resolution of condolence and announced a three-day period of national mourning. • : President Chandrika Kumaratunga stated that she hoped that the country would "surmount this great national tragedy". • : Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra described the massacre as a "heart-rending tragedy" and expressed condolences to the Nepalese people. Charles, Prince of Wales, said that he was "deeply shocked and saddened". • : In a statement, Secretary-General Kofi Annan said he was "profoundly shocked" and called for "calm and stability in this difficult period". Some media outlets described the massacre as the highest-profile murder of a royal family since the Russian Romanov family was executed in 1918. == Investigation ==

Gyanendra initially maintained that the deaths were the result of an "accidental discharge of an automatic weapon" within the royal palace. Later, he said that he made this claim due to "legal and constitutional hurdles" since under the constitution and by tradition, Dipendra could not have been charged with murder had he survived. A two-man committee comprising Chief Justice Keshav Prasad Upadhyaya and Speaker of the House Taranath Ranabhat carried out a week-long investigation concerning the massacre. The investigation concluded, after interviewing more than a hundred people including eyewitnesses and palace officials, guards, and staff, that Dipendra was the perpetrator of the shooting. == Conspiracy theories ==

Gyanendra's wife Komal and their children Prince Paras and Princess Prerana were present at the royal palace during the massacre. While the entire families of Birendra and Dipendra were killed, nobody in Gyanendra's family died—his son escaped with slight injuries, and his wife sustained a life-threatening bullet wound but survived. Much controversy surrounded the circumstances of the massacre, including the apparent lack of security at the dinner, the absence of Gyanendra, and Dipendra's self-inflicted head-wound located at his left temple, although he was right-handed. These factors, coupled with Birendra's and Dipendra's popularity, gave rise to conspiracy theories. Promoters of these ideas alleged Gyanendra had a hand in the massacre so that he could assume the throne himself. His ascent to the throne would have been possible only if both of his nephews, Dipendra and Nirajan, were removed from the line of succession. Moreover, Gyanendra and his son Prince Paras were very unpopular. An eyewitness of the royal massacre, Lal Bahadur Magar, who was one of Dipendra's bodyguards, claimed that Paras perpetrated the massacre. During a public gathering, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, the chairman of the Nepalese Maoist Party, alleged that the massacre was planned by the Indian Research and Analysis Wing or the American Central Intelligence Agency. Another theory, which alleged that Dipendra was not allowed to marry while under the age of 35 due to astrological reasons, was refuted by a royal astrologer. ==In popular culture==

• Murder Most Royal or Nepal: Murder Most Royal is a 2002 documentary by Donna Sharpe produced for the BBC and aired on BBC2. It details the reasons for Dipendra perpetrating the massacre, including his forbidden marriage with Devyani Rana. • Super Star (also released as Stupid), a 2002 Indian film loosely based on the love story of Dipendra of Nepal and Devyani Rana, and the Nepalese royal massacre. • The massacre is featured in the third season of the documentary series Zero Hour, based on a reconstruction of the event taken from surviving eyewitnesses. • The back story of Pagan Min, the main antagonist of the game Far Cry 4 (Ubisoft, 2014), which takes place in the fictional (but based on Nepal) kingdom of Kyrat seems to refer to this event in a modified version. ==See also==