Nerbudda incident

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the British East India Company (EIC) viewed Taiwan as a viable location for a trading post, as the island had abundant amounts of natural resources. EIC officials unsuccessfully lobbied the British government to establish control over Taiwan and grant them a trade monopoly there. In 1840, a British national named William Huttmann wrote a letter to Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston claiming that given the strategic and commercial value of the island and the Qing dynasty's weak control over it, a single warship and less than 1,500 troops could successfully occupy eastern Taiwan, allowing Britain to develop trade routes with the outside world. During the First Opium War, the Royal Navy patrolled the Taiwan Strait and the Penghu, though making no attempt to attack Taiwan itself. == Shipwrecks ==

Nerbudda In early September 1841, the British merchant ship Nerbudda set sail from Hong Kong Island to Chusan. It had 274 crewmembers, consisting of 243 Indians, 29 Europeans and two Filipinos from Manila. A severe gale dismasted the ship, which drifted towards the northern coast of Taiwan and struck a reef. All 29 Europeans, accompanied by three Indians and the two Filipinos, left Nerbudda in a row boat, leaving behind 240 Indians, 170 of whom were camp followers and 70 lascars. The ship, which was supplied with provisions, lay in smooth water in Keelung bay for five days, during which the remaining crew and passengers prepared rafts. In attempting to land, some drowned in the surf, others were killed by local scavengers on the shore and the rest were captured by Chinese authorities, who separated them into small parties and marched them to the prefectural capital of Taiwan. Meanwhile, those in the row boat proceeded along the eastern coast of Taiwan. After being adrift for several days, they were discovered by the British merchant schooner Black Swan and taken back to Hong Kong. Two senior Chinese officials in Taiwan, the general Dahonga (達洪阿) and the intendant Yao Ying (姚瑩), subsequently filed an inaccurate report to the Daoguang Emperor, claiming to have sunk Nerbudda from the Keelung fort while defending it against a naval attack on 30 September, killing 32 enemies and capturing 133. In response, the emperor sent rewards to both officials. Only two ended up surviving Chinese captivity (the head and second serang) both of whom were sent to Amoy after the executions the following year. Strong winds drifted the ship on shore and the ebb tide caused it to run aground near Da'an harbour. The crew of Ann commandeered a Chinese junk in an attempt to set out to sea, but a gale disrupted the plan, and it was soon captured by the Chinese. Dahonga and Yao Ying again sent a disingenuous report, claiming that Chinese fishing vessels had destroyed Ann in self-defence. Only nine survivors were spared in the executions in August 1842. == Rescue attempts ==

From 19 to 27 October 1841, the Royal Navy sloop HMS Nimrod sailed to Keelung and offered 100 dollars for the return of each survivor of Nerbudda. However, after finding out they were sent south for imprisonment, the commander of Nimrod, Captain Joseph Pearse, ordered the bombardment of the harbour, destroying 27 cannon before returning to Hong Kong. Captain Henry Ducie Chads of HMS Cambrian had ordered him to inquire about the survivors of both ships "under a Flag of Truce". On 12 October, they returned to Amoy. When HMS Serpent arrived in Anping, she found 25 survivors from the 26-strong crew of the British merchant ship Herculaneum, which left Singapore on 6 September 1842 under Captain Stroyan carrying coal from Calcutta for British steamers in Chusan; she had been thought lost. Unlike the survivors of Nerbudda and Ann, Stroyan and his crew were well-treated, though because they knew the fate of many other wreck victims, all lived in constant fear of their lives. It is possible, depending on the credibility of contemporary newspaper reports, that Chinese authorities in Taiwan largely spared European survivors, instead focusing their executions on Indian prisoners. The contemporary reports of the rescue of the Herculaneum crew claimed that of the 197 total survivors of Nerbudda and Ann, 30 died, 157 were executed including eight Britons, one of whom was Robert Gully, the son of prize fighter and MP John Gully, and 10 were freed and sent to Amoy. HMS Serpent arrived in Amoy with the surviving crew of Herculaneum on 12 October, the survivors of Nerbudda and Ann not arriving until 25 October, almost two weeks later. == Execution ==

in Taiwan where the prisoners were held captive After the crew of Nerbudda were captured, Dahonga and Yao Ying solicited permission from their superiors in Peking to execute them as invaders. On 10 August, the captives were taken two or three miles outside the city walls to a parade ground. Their execution was reported in The Chinese Repository: All the rest—one hundred and ninety-seven [prisoners]—were placed at small distances from each other on their knees, their feet in irons and hands manacled behind their backs, thus waiting for the executioners, who went round, and with a kind of two-handed sword cut off their heads without being laid on a block. Afterwards their bodies were all thrown into one grave, and their heads stuck up in cages on the seashore. 87 other prisoners died from ill-treatment while in captivity. Merchant Robert Gully and Captain Frank Denham wrote a journal while they were imprisoned. Gully was executed while Denham survived. On 25 October, one of the freed survivors, Mr. Newman, received a "leaf" of Gully's log from a Chinese soldier who said it was obtained from Gully's shirt, which was stripped off him at the hour of execution. It contained his last known diary entry, dated 10 August. The journals of Gully and Denham were published in London in 1844. In 1876, a memoir by Dan Patridge, a survivor of the Ann, was also published in London. == Aftermath ==

On 23 November 1842, Plenipotentiary Henry Pottinger condemned China's massacre of non-combatants and demanded that the officials responsible for them be degraded, punished and their property confiscated with the amount paid to the British government for compensation to the families of those executed. He stated that he obtained proof the emperor ordered the execution, but that it was due to the Chinese authorities in Taiwan falsely reporting that they were a hostile group who attacked the island despite the vessels not being warships and the captured crew not being military personnel. The potential repercussions concerned the Qing government, who had just concluded peace negotiations with Britain in the Treaty of Nanking a few months earlier. The governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Yiliang (怡良), was dispatched as commissioner to Taiwan. After an investigation, he reported that both commanders confessed to sending fabricated reports of defending against a naval attack. In April 1843, they were recalled to Peking. After being interrogated, they were imprisoned but released by the emperor on 18 October, On 16 December, Dahonga was assigned to a post at Hami in Xinjiang province, while Yao Ying received an appointment in Sichuan province. The British government were not aware of the postings until the governor of Hong Kong, John Francis Davis, informed Foreign Secretary Lord Aberdeen on 11 March 1845. == Notes ==