Newburyport, Massachusetts

, docked at the Cushing family pier in Newburyport In 1680 Elizabeth Morse was convicted of witchcraft in Newbury. She was confined to her property unless she was escorted by a clergymen until she died in 1690. On January 28, 1764, the General Court of Massachusetts passed "An act for erecting part of the town of Newbury into a new town by the name of Newburyport." The act begins:Whereas the town of Newbury is very large, and the inhabitants of that part of it who dwell by the water-side there, as it is commonly called, are mostly merchants, traders, and artificers, and the inhabitants of the other parts of the town are chiefly husbandmen; by means whereof many difficulties and disputes have arisen in managing their public affairs – Be it enacted ... That part of the said town of Newbury ... be and hereby are constituted and made a separate and distinct town .... The act was approved by Governor Francis Bernard on February 4, 1764. The new town was the smallest in Massachusetts, covering an area of , and had a population of 2,800 living in 357 homes. There were three shipyards, no bridges, and several ferries, one of which at the foot of Greenleaf Lane, now State Street, carried the Portsmouth Flying Stage Coach, running between Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Boston. The town prospered and became a city in 1851. Situated near the mouth of the Merrimack River, it was once a fishing, shipbuilding and shipping center, with an industry in silverware manufacture. In 1792, a bridge was built two miles above the town where the river contained an island. Merrimack Arms and Brown Manufacturing Company made Southerner Derringer pistols in their Newburyport factory from 1867 to 1873. The sea captains of old Newburyport (as elsewhere in Massachusetts) had participated vigorously in the triangular trade, importing West Indian molasses and exporting rum made from it. The distilleries were located around Market Square near the waterfront. Caldwell's Old Newburyport rum was manufactured locally until 1961. As a part of the triangle trade, the first leg of which involved the purchase of slaves from West Africa, many Newburyporters were anti-abolitionists. Massachusetts abolished slavery in 1783, and many runaway slaves found refuge in the state. In the early 1800s, around 6000 runaway slaves were living in Newburyport. In 1850, the fugitive slave act was passed, requiring all US states to capture and return runaway slaves. Because of this, runaways had to flee the country or risk returning to slavery. In this era, some white Newburyporters became stops on the Underground Railroad. As a port city and part of the triangle trade, Newburyport's abolitionists were often mariners. Capt. Alexander Graves, for example, smuggled slaves from the South and to Canada. Newburyport once had a fishing fleet that operated from Georges Bank to the mouth of the Merrimack River. It was a center for privateering during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812. Beginning about 1832, it added numerous ships to the whaling fleet. Later, clipper ships were built there. Today, the city gives little hint of its former maritime importance. Notably missing are the docks, which are shown on earlier maps extending into the channel of the Merrimack River, and the shipyards, where the waterfront parking lot is currently located. George Whitefield, the well-known and influential English preacher who helped inspire the First Great Awakening in America, arrived in Newburyport in September 1740. The revival that followed his labors brought into existence Old South Church, where he was buried after his death in 1770. The city's historical highlights include: Historic events: • First of many clipper ships built here. • First "Tea Party" rebellion to oppose British Tea Tax. • First state mint and treasury building. • Newburyport Superior Courthouse, the oldest continuously active courthouse in Massachusetts. The Newburyport Five Cents Savings Bank on State Street was founded in 1854 and is one of the oldest banks in the United States still in operation. Historic houses and museums: • Cushing House Museum and Garden () • Newburyport Custom House Museum • Subject of the most ambitious community study ever undertaken, the Yankee City project conducted by anthropologist W. Lloyd Warner and his associates Timeline • 1635: Newbury incorporated. • 1761: Belleville Congregational Church founded. • 1764: Newburyport incorporated (formerly part of Newbury). • 1772: Marine Society of Newburyport established. • 1773 • Isaiah Thomas opens "a printing house in King Street." • Essex Journal newspaper begins publication. • 1793: Impartial Herald newspaper begins publication. • 1802: Merrimac Humane Society established. • 1803 • Merrimack Gazette and New England Repertory newspapers begin publication. • 1878: Newburyport Athenaeum organized. • 1884: Newburyport YMCA incorporated. • 1886: Newburyport Society for the Relief of Aged Men incorporated. • 1887: Newburyport Electric Light & Power Co. incorporated. • 1888: Daily News established. • 1890 • YWCA of Newburyport incorporated. • City Improvement society organized. • 1896: Newburyport Choral Union organized. • 1904: South End Reading Room Association formed. • 1906: Newburyport Homeoepathic Hospital opens. • 1917: Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church of Newburyport founded. • 1968: Newburyport Maritime Society established. • 1971: Market Square Historic District added to National Register of Historic Places. • 1971-1979: Downtown undergoes major renewal and historic preservation effort. • 1991: Actors Studio of Newburyport founded. • 1994: Sister city relationship established with Bura, Taita-Taveta District, Kenya. ==Historic preservation==

Despite its former prosperity, in the 1950s and 1960s Newburyport's center fell into disrepair because of several factors, most notably strip malls taking away from local business and increased use of the automobile. At this time, construction of major highways brought larger cities such as Lawrence and Lowell into shopping range. Consequently, by 1970, Newburyport's historic downtown section was scheduled to be razed and reconstructed with federal money. Ideas to rebuild the city's downtown were numerous, ranging from hotels and new stores to, ironically, a strip mall, with few buildings left for historical reasons. But the city changed its mind at the last moment and signed a federal grant that allowed it to keep most of its historic architecture. Renovation and restoration began during the early 1970s, and continued throughout most of the decade, initially along State Street, and culminating with creation of a pedestrian mall along Inn Street. Preservationists often cite Newburyport as an example of how to maintain a city's architecture and heritage while keeping it functional and liveable. Image:American Yacht Club House Newbury Port Mass c 1894.JPG|American Yacht Club House Image:State Street from Market Square, Newburyport, MA.jpg|State Street . Except for the trolley, the store fronts, and the pavement, the street has not changed. Image:Lord Timothy Dexter Place, Newburyport, MA.jpg|Dexter House , once home to eccentric "Lord" Timothy Dexter Image:Frog Pond, Newburyport, MA.jpg|Frog Pond . High Street is visible in the background. The building in the center is the old court house. Image:Joppa Landing, Newburyport, MA.jpg|Joppa Landing . The boats are fishing dories. The houses remain but the landing and the boats are gone and the street has been improved. Image:Newburyport City Hall.jpg|City Hall . The building looks about the same today. It was constructed 1850–1851. The corner of Brown Square is visible across the street. The view is from where the Post Office now stands. Image:View of Brown Square, Newburyport, MA.jpg|Brown Square in 1913, viewed from before the City Hall. The statue is that of "Garrison the Liberator". The houses and church still stand but the street has been paved and more modern buildings inserted. Image:Artichoke river 2.JPG|The Curzon Grist Mill was built by Sgt. John Emery (1628-1693) where the Artichoke River meets the Merrimack River (at Curzon Mill Road). The mill still stands. ==Geography==

. The scene appears to be in the vicinity of the Little River. Route 1 offered the major overlook easily accessible to artists. In the far right can be seen the ridge of the right bank of the Merrimack over which High Street runs. Cattle have been turned into the marsh for pasture, a practice still allowed on some marsh farms of the area. Newburyport is located at (42.812391, −70.877440). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and (20.77%) is water. The city is part of Massachusetts's North Shore; Newburyport was laid out on the elevated south bank of the Merrimack River between the river and Newbury marshes. The shipyards, now boatyards (and still vigorously active), extended along the bank at the edge of the river. They were connected by Merrimac Street, which ends upriver where the bank merges into bluffs covered with pine forest. Colonial residences extend up the bank from Merrimac Street to High Street running parallel to it near the top of the ridge. The homes of the seafaring entrepreneurs line High Street. Many feature widow's walks, structures on the roof where residents could watch for the return of sailing vessels. Nearly every home maintains a splendid flower garden, most dating to colonial times. Various cross streets, such as State Street, Green Street, and Market Street, connect Merrimac Street and High Street. The top of the ridge proved an ideal location for later institutions, such as Newburyport High School and nearby Anna Jaques Hospital. The ridge drops more sharply to the marsh on the other side. Along its margin a third parallel street developed, Low Street. The river bank gradually descends to marshes at Joppa Flats beyond downtown Newburyport. The Plum Island Turnpike was pushed out over the marsh on a causeway to a narrow part of the Plum Island River just south of where it connects to the mouth of the Merrimack. A drawbridge was built there, the only access to the island by road. On the Newburyport side a small airport, Plum Island Airport, was built at the edge of the marsh. The portion of Plum Island in the city has no direct access to the rest of the city; similarly, there is no access between the mainland and Woodbridge Island or Seal Island, west of Plum Island (the latter being shared between Newburyport and Newbury). Several parks and beaches dot the city, including Plum Island Point Beach, Simmons Beach, Joppa Park, Waterfront Park, Woodman Park, Cashman Park, Moseley Pines Park, and Atkinson Common and March's Hill Park. Newburyport Forest is in the city's southwest corner, and Maudslay State Park lies along the northwest part of the city, along the banks of the Merrimack. Newburyport is north-northeast of Boston, east-northeast of Lawrence, and south-southeast of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Situated south of the New Hampshire border, the city is bordered by the Gulf of Maine (Atlantic Ocean) to the east, Newbury to the south and southeast, West Newbury to the west and southwest, Amesbury to the north and northwest, and Salisbury to the northeast. Neighborhoods Joppa: bordered by Newbury to the southeast, the South End to the southwest, and Downtown to the Northwest. This is the closest neighborhood to Plum Island Airport located in Newbury. South End: bordered by Newbury to the south, Joppa to the northeast, and downtown to the northwest. The border between the South End and Joppa is just behind Hancock Street, Chestnut Street and part of Prospect Street. Plum Island: the Newburyport neighborhood on the north end of Plum Island is geographically isolated from the rest of Newburyport but served by Newburyport services and schools. It features Plum Island Point, a popular spot for fishing and recreation, and the Plum Island Lighthouse, built in 1838. Climate ==Demographics==

2020 census As of the 2020 census, Newburyport had a population of 18,289. The median age was 50.3 years. 18.4% of residents were under the age of 18 and 24.0% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 86.7 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 83.4 males age 18 and over. There were 7,971 households in Newburyport, of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 49.4% were married-couple households, 14.7% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 30.4% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. of 2010, there were 17,416 people, 8,264 households, and 4,428 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 7,897 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.2% White, 3.6% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.7% of the population. The top five ethnic groups are: (United States 2010 Census quickfacts) • Irish – 25% • English – 16% • Italian – 11% • French (except Basque) – 7% • German – 6% There were 7,519 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. Of all households, 33.1% were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.90. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $78,557, and the median income for a family was $103,306. Males had a median income of $51,831 versus $37,853 for females. The per capita income for the city was $34,187. About 2.8% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over. ==Government==

Upon adopting a new charter in 2011 which took effect in 2013, Newburyport has been run by a mayor with a four-year term and an eleven-member City Council (prior to that, the mayor's term lasted for two years). During the mid-twentieth century, Newburyport enjoyed a typical "small community" approach, conducted, most notably, by city mayor and activist Ed Molin, who died in 2005. The current mayor of Newburyport is Sean Reardon, and the next election year for mayor is 2029. Newburyport is part of the Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex district. ==Transportation==

Interstate 95 passes through the western side of town, with one exit at Route 113. Route 113 itself has its eastern terminus at U.S. Route 1 and Massachusetts Route 1A, with Route 1A continuing along the same right of way as 113 towards Newbury. Route 1 and 1A cross the river along the Newburyport Turnpike Bridge; it had originally followed State Street and ended at Merrimac and Water Streets before crossing the river via ferry to Salisbury. The Turnpike Bridge is the easternmost crossing of the Merrimack; upstream the river is crossed by the Newburyport Railroad Bridge (just west of the Turnpike Bridge), the Chain Bridge, one of the oldest bridges along the river, and the Whittier Memorial Bridge, which brings Interstate 95 to Amesbury. The Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority provides regular bus service between the city and Haverhill, which includes access to the commuter rail station in Newburyport. The bus is free as of March 2023. Newburyport is the northern terminus of the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, providing access through several North Shore cities to Boston's North Station. Plum Island Airport is a privately owned general aviation airport located within the city limits. It is open to the public and managed by Plum Island Aerodrome, Inc., a not-for-profit organization. The nearest scheduled commercial air service can be found at Boston's Logan International Airport, Worcester's Worcester Regional Airport, Portsmouth's Pease International Tradeport or Manchester's Manchester-Boston Regional Airport. ==Education==

The current site of Newburyport High School was purchased from Alice L. Atkinson in 1935, and the deed was recorded at the Southern Essex County Registry of Deeds as Book 3030, Page 279 in March 1935. Newburyport High School is one of the oldest public high schools in the United States. Newburyport is served by several public schools, belonging to the Newburyport School District, and several private schools. • Francis T. Bresnahan Lower Elementary School: pre-kindergarten to grade 3 • Edward G. Molin Upper Elementary School: grades 4 and 5 • Rupert A. Nock Middle School: grades 6 to 8 • Newburyport High School: grades 9 to 12 • River Valley Charter School: grades kindergarten to 8 • Immaculate Conception Catholic School: grades pre-kindergarten to 8 • Newburyport Montessori School: pre-kindergarten and kindergarten Newburyport is served by the Newburyport Public Library, part of the Merrimack Valley Library Consortium. Newburyport High School competes in the Cape Ann League, an athletic conference in District A of the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association. The athletics program offers a variety of sports for girls and boys during the fall, winter, and spring seasons. The school colors are Crimson and Old Gold and the mascot is a Clipper Ship. ==Activities==

Newburyport makes activities available for its residents, including a year-round ice skating rink and a beautiful waterfront and boardwalk. Many Newburyport residents love boating, fishing, swimming, and other water sports. The city's picturesque downtown shopping district also makes it a great location to enjoy boutique shopping. The city sponsors several youth sports leagues, including baseball, football, soccer, lacrosse, basketball, and hockey. The city's youth services program also provides classes, campouts, and activities in robotics, music, rock climbing, chess, fencing, sewing, dance, skateboarding, judo, academics, cooking, yoga, cheerleading, art, fashion design, photography, biking, and frisbee. ==Annual events==

Yankee Homecoming Yankee Homecoming, run not by the city but by the nonprofit Yankee Homecoming, Inc., is an annual festival celebrating the natives coming home to Newburyport. The event was initiated in 1957 by native Newburyporter George Cashman, who sought to stimulate the economy and lift the spirit of the citizens. It lasts one week. The first Sunday of the festival, known as "Olde Fashioned Sunday", is celebrated at the Bartlet Mall in Newburyport, and features many activities, including an art show, an appearance by the city's oldest fire engine, the "Neptune #8", and the participation of many local businesses. There is also an antique car parade. Each Yankee Homecoming features a grand marshal and numerous street vendors. The festival includes eight days and over 200 events. There are concerts every night at Market Landing Park. Other popular events include the Newburyport Lions' and 5-kilometer road races, which run through the city's downtown streets and neighborhoods. There is also a 45-minute fireworks show on Saturday night, followed the concluding Sunday by the Yankee Homecoming parade. First held in 1958, Newburyport's "Yankee Homecoming" is the second-oldest homecoming festival in the United States. Many charities raise their funds during this time. Waterfront Concert Series Held Friday evenings in Waterfront Park in downtown Newburyport, these free concerts were intended for all ages. Newburyport Literary Festival Held during the last weekend of April, the Newburyport Literary Festival started in 2006 as a new effort by the city to increase interest in reading and literary arts. Many local authors are invited to sign and chat about their books, and schoolchildren create projects to show to an author who visits their school. Among the authors who regularly visit are Andre Dubus III, Tess Gerritsen, and Rhina Espaillat. Newburyport Chamber Music Festival Held toward the beginning of August, the Newburyport Chamber Music Festival was founded in 2001 by resident Jane Niebling and Philadelphia violist David Yang. During the festival, exceptional international artists are embedded in the community, giving many concerts and holding open rehearsals in public places, chamber music reading parties in local homes (“hausmusiks”), a free family concert, a lecture on the summer's repertoire, and a world premiere of a newly commissioned work often based on the culture, history, or landscape of the region. Prominent composers who have written for the festival include Jon Deak, Eric Ewazen, and Jay Reise. ==Points of interest==

Over the years, the town has cultivated a significant tourist population. The quaint downtown shopping center includes businesses that appeal to all ages. Local businesses and restaurants surround Market Square and along State Street. During festivals, visitors are invited to enjoy concerts, food, and entertainment. An old mill building on Liberty Street is home to other small businesses and a local farmers' market during both the summer and winter seasons. High Street is a remarkable street of fine old Federal-style houses, linking the Atkinson Common (1893–1894) with the Bartlett Mall, site of the Charles Bulfinch-designed Essex County Superior Courthouse (1805). Laid out in 1801, the Bartlett Mall was redesigned in the 1880s by noted Boston landscape architect Charles Eliot, with later improvements by Arthur Shurcliff. First Presbyterian Church dates to 1756. The clock tower bell was cast by Paul Revere. One of the most famous men in 18th-century America, evangelist George Whitefield, before dying in Newburyport in 1770, asked that his remains be buried under the pulpit of the "Old South" church, and they are there to this day. Some other points of interest are the city's historic waterfront, Atwood Park at the south end of Newburyport, Market Square & Inn Street, Cashman Park, and Brown Square, graced with a statue to "Garrison the Liberator", before the City Hall. The recently restored City Hall itself is a fine old building featuring in the first-floor corridor a portrait gallery of some of those who have fallen in service of their country. Others are listed on the central monument in Atkinson Common. • Chain Bridge • Cushing House Museum & Garden • Joppa Flats Education Center and Wildlife Sanctuary • Maudslay State Park • Newburyport Brewing Company • Parker River National Wildlife Refuge ==In popular culture==

Newburyport was the inspiration for the city of Innsmouth, the setting of the H. P. Lovecraft story The Shadow Over Innsmouth, part of the Cthulhu Mythos. The narrative also cameos the actual Newburyport in the first chapter, when the protagonist sets out on his journey to Innsmouth. It was mentioned in Stephen King's "Doctor Sleep,". The 2019 Goldsmiths Prize winner, Ducks, Newburyport, features the city. ==Notable people==

• John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), U.S. president, resided in Newburyport 1787–1788 • Charlotte Johnson Baker (1855–1937), physician • Edward Bass (1726 –1803), first American Episcopal bishop of the Diocese of Massachusetts and second bishop of the Diocese of Rhode Island. • Nikole Beckwith (born 1980), Newburyport-born and raised writer and filmmaker • Kate Bolick (born 1972), Newburyport-born and raised author and essayist • John Parker Boyd (1764–1830), U.S. Army Brigadier General in the War of 1812 • John Bromfield, Jr. (1779–1849), merchant • John H. Couch (1811–1870), sea captain, pioneer and a founder of Portland, Oregon • Osmond Richard Cummings (1923–2013), author and historian • Caleb Cushing (1800–1879), diplomat and politician • Timothy Dexter (1748–1806), businessman noted for his writing and eccentricity • Robert Gray Dodge (1872–1964), Boston Attorney • Tamsen Donner (1801–1847), pioneer and member of the Donner Party • Andre Dubus III (born 1959), novelist • William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879), abolitionist • Edmund Pike Graves (1891–1919), aviator who served as a fighter pilot during WWI and the Polish-Soviet War • Áine Greaney (born ), writer and editor • Adolphus Greely (1844–1935), polar explorer • Edwin A. Grosvenor (1845–1936), author and professor of history • Laura Coombs Hills (1859–1952), painter • Judith Hoag (born 1968) actress • Lucy Hooper (1816–1841), poet • Charles Tillinghast James (1805–1862), mechanical engineer, designer, senator • Benjamin H. Jellison (1845–1904), Medal of Honor recipient in the American Civil War • Joe Keery (born 1992), actor • Rufus King (1755–1827), diplomat and politician • Thomas B. Lawson (1807–1888), artist • Francis Cabot Lowell (1775–1817), manufacturer • John Lowell (1743–1802), congressman and federal judge • George Lunt (1803–1885), editor, lawyer, author, politician • John P. Marquand (1893–1960), author • Donald McKay (1810–1880), shipbuilder • Jonathan Meath (born 1955), television producer • Johnny Messner (born 1970), actor • Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986), recipient of 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry • Theophilus Parsons (1750–1813), jurist • James Parton (1822–1891), biographer • Edmund Pearson (1880–1937), librarian and true crime writer • Jacob Perkins (1766–1849), early American inventor • Timothy Pilsbury (1789–1858), congressman from Texas • John F. Pingry (1818-1893), founder of The Pingry School • Caesar Sarter (1745–after 1774), formerly enslaved essayist and abolitionist • Harriet Prescott Spofford (1835–1921), writer • Charles A. Spring (1800–1891), influential Presbyterian leader in Iowa and Illinois • Rev. Gardiner Spring (1785–1873), author of the Gardiner Spring Resolutions, which gained Abraham Lincoln the support of the Presbyterian Church • Rev. Samuel Spring (1746–1819), religious leader, chaplain in Benedict Arnold's army • Clara F. Stevens (1855–1934), English professor at Mount Holyoke College • Matthew Thornton (1714–1803), signer of the Declaration of Independence • William S. Tilton (1828–1889), Civil War brigade commander at the Battle of Gettysburg • Peter Tolan (born 1958), television/film producer and writer • Richard Trefry, (1924–2023), United States Army lieutenant general. • Charles Turner (1848–1908), painter, born in Newburyport • Clayton Valli (1951–2003), Deaf linguist and American Sign Language poet • William Gordon Welchman (1906–1985) English mathematician, university professor, Second World War codebreaker at Bletchley Park, United Kingdom • William Wheelwright (1798–1873), sea captain, US consul in Chile, steamship and railroad promoter in South America • Lothrop Withington (1856–1915), genealogist, historian, and book editor who was killed in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania • Martha Wright (1923–2016), singer and Broadway actress ==See also==